A stream running through a settlement or town can create great hazard to the adjacent development areas; it is also, however, a natural decorative element. Because of time passing and lack of necessary maintenance of the structures, their rebuilding and modernization is often necessary. Here many problems arise. They include: lack of place for the required expansion of the river course and cross-sections, geological structure, requirements of the valid water and building law, architecture (especially in old-town development), and ecology. An approach to solve these problems is presented in the paper for a large stream of Wątok running through the old part of the Tarnów town. Because of the location of the stream, intensive urban development and the neighborhood of sacral buildings protected by law, it is the urban authorities' responsibility to ensure full safety to the neighboring land. This task was undertaken as early as in the mid-war years although the protection level was inadequate. The technical condition of the structures threatening to cause building catastrophe, and the aesthetics of solutions were additional arguments to undertake the project.To give the reader an illustration of the multiplicity and importance of technical problems of the designed development, the existing state ...
The content of this paper is the continuation of the paper presented in the previous volume. The necessity of flood protection of urban areas was argued and the attention was paid to environmental and small architecture aspects. A typical solution that was discussed concerns the re-development and renovation of a stream of Wątok flowing through the old part of the Tarnów town with monumental sacral buildings. First regulation works were undertaken in the mid-war period. Time passing, water aggressiveness intensified with municipal wastes, and the lack of proper maintenance caused considerable damage to the existing structures. The extent of the damage threatened building catastrophe with all resulting consequences.Utilizing own resources and the acquired PHARE funds, the Tarnów authorities decided to undertake full-scale works on the stream reach under discussion. High requirements were posed concerning the environmental and aesthetics conditions with the simultaneous meeting the safety conditions of the neighboring terrain and the development itself. Because of varying character and technical state of the existing development, as well as different land conditions and the character of ...
For more efficient realization of the National Plan of Development and the strategy of equalizing regional needs of rural areas and agriculture it is necessary to develop applied research on changes in the infrastructure and multifunctional character of rural areas. It is necessary to update and develop new methodologies and methods of horizontal and vertical comparisons of the studied space objects, i.e. villages, communes or regions (counties) in a selected region (province) or macro region of Poland. A comparative assessment has been suggested with a division into:- characteristics of studied objects (e.g. communes),- their structural development,- multifunctional character of the studied rural area.Proposed characteristics of researched objects (communes) should by based on an assessment of at least 10 factors pertaining to the area (total area, forest, arable area, permanent grasslands and soil quality) and rural dwellers, their households connected and unconnected with farms.A hitherto development of commune technical infrastructure can be determined using 10 factors, the parameters of which may be assessed by percentage numbers (%) in relation to the number of households per commune.Characterizing of commune multifunctional character may be established according to jobs and employment structure or sources of income of the inhabitants. It was suggested to consider 15 sources of ...
The research addressed the problem of determining conditions for tourism development in the mountain rural areas in Poland. The investigations were conducted with regard to administrative division of Poland; therefore a municipality was the smallest researched unit. The investigations focused on all municipalities in Poland constituting rural disadvantaged areas (determined as mountain ONW areas, a total of 50 municipalities in four provinces: dolnośląskie, malopolskie, podkarpackie and śląskie. Ratio analysis was conducted exclusively for rural areas. The data presented by matching features originated from various sources, mainly including data provided by The Main Statistical Office (for 2003) and the data of the general census (for 2002). Moreover the information was also obtained by means of surveys from the municipalities under analysis. The investigations were carried out by an original method, using a synthetic measure of tourist area development (SMUTRO). Potential applications of the original measure were presented on an example of Stronie Śląskie municipality where individual conditionings were subsequently presented. Four different groups of conditioning were assumed for the analysis of tourism development in the analysed area: infrastructural, economic, environmental and social. The groups were identified due to their role in the area of tourism consumption. The areas of partial conditionings ...
The most serious barrier in the development of extra-agricultural activity in rural areas is the poor level of the development of both technical and social infrastructure in the country. Increase in outlays on the development of technical infrastructure in the first half of the 1990s contributed in many regions of Poland to the development of comparatively new tourist service offered by individual farmers in their own farms, called agricultural tourism and rural tourism. The development of tourist services in rural areas in Poland, should be conformable with regional strategies of the development, because, as the example of the European Union countries shows, agricultural tourism and rural tourism not only stimulates the development of regional infrastructure, but at the same time it favours the preservation of old relics of rural architecture and development of economic initiatives in rural areas. Świętokrzyskie voivodship is one of the viovodships in which the rural areas are of great importance. These areas are inhabited by more than half of the population and the issues concerning them are among the most important questions. Very essential are demographic problems, of which especially the worsening of the age structure which is the consequence of the drop of the natural ...
The current situation and predicted socio-economic, technological and ecological changes, which under the influence of scientific progress, implemented Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and globalied food markets will happen in Polish agriculture and its infrastructure by 2030 are presented in the paper. Owing to the progressive integration with the economy and markets of the European Union (EU), further intensified polarization processes and modernisation of farms is perceived accompanied by restructuring of agriculture, agri-food processing industries, production services, rural supply chains and the other infrastructure in rural areas. The future model of agriculture and agrotechnology is shaping, which is characterized by arable area (AL) diminishing to 12M ha, a decreasing number of family commercial farms and smaller agricultural holdings to 400 thousand, diminishing livestock population and number of farms specializing in commercial production of milk, meat, eggs but also sugar beets, potatoes, vegetable and fruit. Crop yield and animal productivity will increase, so despite diminishing AL and livestock population, both the global production and final output of Polish agriculture will be growing annually by between 0.5 and 1.0%. Quantitative and qualitative increase in plant and livestock production will be taking place accompanied by farms and agricultural enterprises switching to the system of ...
The paper outlines the chosen problems of technical infrastructure, settlement and environmental protection – included in the National Strategic Framework of Reference (NSRO) for the years 2007–2013. Transport infrastructure of Poland is backward and underinvested. The length of highways in 2006 amounted to 674 km, and the express ways – 257 km. Bad condition of railway infrastructure and rolling stock constitutes the main problem of railway transport. The length of railway lines under exploitation decreased in the years 2000–2005 from 22,6 thousand km to 20,3 thousand km, and the railway network density from 7,2 km /100 km2 to 6,5 km/100 km2, however it still exceeds the mean value for the EU countries by 5 km/100km2. Energetic infrastructure bases almost entirely (92%) on the non – renewable sources mainly fuels, and is thus one of the main sources of environmental pollution. The technical condition of the country energetic network, as well as gas pipes, do not threaten the safety of energetic supply for receivers. For the last ten – odd years environmental infrastructure has been developing in a proper way. One may observe the increase of the protected lands area (at present 32,5% of the total country area); a significant progress ...
Presented were the results of prognostic studies conducted by the Author on the necessary development of agricultural infrastructure against the back-ground of the future model of agriculture and its services until 2030. The level of agricultural infrastructure must be integrated with the level of rural infrastructure which is connected with the infrastructure of the whole country. The infrastructure should meet the requirements resulting from the current scientific progress and the future needs of farmer and rural populations. The development of agricultural in-frastructure will bring measurable results in the spheres of production, energy, economics, ecology, as well as social effects. Infrastructural investments in water economy of Poland, in rural areas and in agriculture were considered the most difficult for realization but at the same time the most needed ones. Investments in the construction of sewerage and sew-age disposal systems in the country, outlays on road and electricity lines and in-vestments in commodity turnover, services, advisory and informatization have been considered in the next place. Modernization and development of internal infrastructure of agricultural commodity farms are becoming increasingly important. A major part of necessary outlays on internal infrastructure and the devel-opment of local infrastructure will originate from payments, donations and credits from ...
The Author conducts a detailed analysis and assessment of the “Expert project of spatial management of the country until 2033 concept”, particularly regarding the concepts of technical infrastructure development which it contains. The Author considers the project as extremely necessary, however does not re-frain from constructive criticism. He concludes that the Government needs a vi-sion of long-term development of the country based on efforts of independent spe-cialists (possible also foreign experts). ...
The article is discussing about the communication availability of rural gminas in metropolitan areas. The survey includes analysis of the communication availability in Łódź Metropolitan Area. The communication availability of these local governments lets them to build the their competitiveness. The article is also presenting the level of socio-economic development of rural gminas of Łódź Met-ropolitan Area. The growth indicator was created with the taxonomical measure of development proposed by Hellwig. This method allows for lining local units up using the presented level of development. The next step is creating rankings of this measure which can be subject of in-depth analysis. According to assumptions of UE programs rural areas should develop as a whole multifunctional area. The infrastructure and multifunctional development affect on attraction of rural areas particularly in metropolitan areas. It refers both the communication availability of the gmina and providing with the appropriate service quality for local community. It must be combined with the widely comprehended technical infrastructure and institutional infrastructure. The method presented in the article, show the rural gminas with highest socio-economic development using the communication availability as one of measures of this aspect. The article is also an attempt at comparing rankings of the ...
Modernization of agriculture, whose gravest problem is labour surplus and connected with it dispersed area structure, among others, relies on diminishing employment. Abandoning agriculture cannot imply migration from rural areas. Therefore, employment opportunities should be created for those who would abandon work in agriculture but would remain in the country. The main stipulation in the considerations of rural areas future is multifunctional development, whose rate and trends depend on many factors. Multifunctionality of rural areas resolves itself to proper, multidirectional utilization of rural potential determined by the above mentioned factors to create new, off-farm jobs. It should be emphasized that local specificity particularly socio-economic conditionings, play a crucial role in the process of multidirectional rural development.The main research problems discussed in the paper focused on the analysis of the rural areas environment effect on multifunctional development of these areas. Verification of the assumed research hypotheses resolved itself to answers to four questions:1. Are there any differences in the level of multifunctional development of communes and on what factors do they depend?2. Does the impact of multifunctional development factors depend on current level of multifunctionality?3. Do the rural dwellers have various preferences concerning multifunc-tional development and what do these preferences depend on?4. Do the opinions ...
The study constitutes the attempts at presentation the different factors which determine agritourism infrastructure development in Nowosądecki Province.In the theoretical part of the article the essence of agritourism infrastruc-ture was presented. Elements included in the infrastructure were characterized. Basic infrastructure in agritourism - accommodation base and food base were shown. Concomitant base, in other words recreation base was presented, too. Moreover different factors determining the development of widely understood infrastructure in agritourism were presented. Results of researches carried out in 42 agritourism farms and in district offices in communes of Nowosądeckie Province: Jerzmanowice - Przeginia, Rytro i Stary Sącz were presented, too. Both researches related to the state and forms of agritourism infrastructure and determinants of its development. ...
In the paper the state and determinants of tourism infrastructure develop-ment in Ciężkowice Community located in Tarnów Province in Malopolska Voivodeship were presented.In the theoretical part of the article on the base of literature the essence of tourism infrastructure was presented. Elements included in it were characterized. Moreover the state of tourism infrastructure development in Ciężkowice Commu-nity was described. In the empirical part of the work results of questionnaire researches car-ried out in Community Office in Ciężkowice and in all eleven agritourism farms functioning in this region were presented. Both researches were connected with the state and determinants of tourism infrastructure development in Ciężkowice Community. ...
There is a widespread and increasing interest in public-private partnership (PPP) in Poland as a mean of implementing public investment projects, resulting from the fact that the funds that are available to local governments, or EU funding, are not sufficient to meet all the investment needs. In the paper a comparative analysis of the size and structure of the public-private partnerships in the EU countries, with a particular focus on the Polish market is presented. Possibilities of investments based on public-private partnerships on rural areas are specified. The paper examines the recent trends in the PPP's market and describes how these changes and development may affect the infrastructural improvement on rural areas.
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The paper presents an analysis of a chain index of water supply and wastewater infrastructure development dynamics in Poland in the years 2003-2013. The work aimed at determining the development index rate (relative growth) of water supply and sewage systems in Poland divided into 3 basic territorial units (rural, urban-rural and urban districts). Moreover, the paper describes the dynamics of changes concerning water consumption, share of population using water supplied by water supply systems, percentage of households possessing a bathroom and flush toilet and the share of population using sewage system during the analysed period. Conducted analyses used among others the chain index of dynamics to determine the rate of observed changes. The analysis revealed the greatest rate of changes for the indices characterising sewage system and the share of population using the system and wastewater treatment plants. Despite the fact that rural areas were characterized by definitely the highest values of the rate of changes and chain index of changes dynamics, the differences between rural and urban areas concerning water supply and wastewater infrastructure in Poland are still considerable. ...
In this paper was analyzed selected components of technical infrastructure functioning in rural areas of the Malopolska, Świętokrzyskie and Podkarpackie Voivodships. The level of equipping rural areas with specified infrastructure elements was evaluated in the form of density and availability of infrastructure components. The work has been specified the rate of change in the analyzed indicators. In each of the provinces was separated 4, homogeneous groups of municipalities due to the level of infrastructure and standard of living. The lack of consistency in the level of the dynamics of the development of infrastructure with the dynamics of the percentage of residents using the equipment was noted. A positive phenomenon is that the development of the sewage system in all three voivodships has a higher average rate than the average rate of the development of the water supply system. This is particularly important due to the significant underdevelopment of the sewage system in relation to the water supply system ...
