Reduction of evapotranspiration due to soil water deficit is quantified by CDI (Crop Drought Index). It is an agricultural drought index. The relationship was examined between precipitation P and CDI for sugar beet in Kujawy region for different soils. Evapotranspiration reduction was estimated on the basis of model research conducted for the growing season of sugar beet (21.04–30.09) in the years 1954–2003 and for 4 soils, with different total available soil water (103, 137, 165, 203 mm) in the 1-m profile. Relations between P and CDI were studied in 5 time periods, created by adding another subsequent phenological phases of sugar beet. The significance of the relationships was evaluated by using statistical analysis. The correlation coefficients showed the share of precipitation in the reduction of evapotranspiration of sugar beet in relation to potential evapotranspiration. The determined monograms can be useful in determining CDI on the basis of current measurements of precipitation. ...
The aim of the study was to compare the deadlines of irrigation established on basis of various atmospheric parameters and indicators and an initial verification of their practical usefulness. The study compares four methods for determining the deadlines of irrigation, using the results of a simple meteorological measurements. Calculations were made for a full season of irrigation, covering the period from 11 May to 15 September. Simulations were conducted for two growing seasons: dry of 2008, and of 2010 wet but with a very uneven distribution of precipitation. Meteorological data from standard measurement conducted in UTP Research Station, located in Mochełek near Bydgoszcz were used. It was found that the indices of water consumption , that have been calculated on the basis of various meteorological parameters differed largely, both in terms of seasonal averages and also extremes, but were characterized by a significant correlation. An irrigation the most saving the water have proved to be controlled by the method of balance by Drupka, and secondly by the method on the basis of precipitation measurements. Most deadlines of irrigation, both in dry and wet season, were established under the balance method using the ratio of water consumption calculated by ...
This paper presents the results of lysimetric research on the volume of eva-potranspiration and water runoff from grasslands used for different purposes. In the area studied (Small Pieniny Mountains), the vegetation season accounts for the largest proportion of total runoff, which is determined by the volume and dis-tribution of precipitation in this region (approx. 68% of annual volume). The amount of water discharge from the soil profile of grasslands was found to be sig-nificantly related to the rate of crop yield, which is determined by utilization (meadow, pasture, sward of 8-15 cm height) or rate of nitrogen fertilization used. By increasing the amount of water used during evapotranspiration by grasses, the higher yield contributes to reduced amounts of water discharged from the soil pro-file.
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Fifty research tasks are conducted within 2008 - 2014 Multi-Year Pro-gramme. One of them (2.2) is: Optimization of irrigation of fruit crops in Poland considering weather condition and soil water resources in major fruit production regions. The aim of this task is to develop internet service of irrigation recom-mendations and to develop and implement with the use of Internet simple methods of water requirement calculation for fruit crops. The test version of the service was launched in 2012. The web address of the service, which is located on a server belonging to Research Institute of Horticulture is: http://www.nawadnianie.inhort.pl. It is also possible to access the service from the main web site of the Institute: http://www.inhort.pl using "Serwis Nawodnieniowy" link. The web service contains current and historical meteorological data measured by several weather stations belonging to the Institute. Climatic water balance is also calculated. The web also contains glossary and scientific literature on irrigation and water management. Software applications for calculation of plant water needs and irrigation rates are important elements of the service. Using these calculators it is possible to determine evapotranspiration and plant water requirements computed with the use of measured weather parameters. They are designated for users who ...
Poland has one of the smallest fresh water resources in Europe. Due to variability of Polish climate, irrigation became an indispensable element of intensive horticultural production. Recent study has shown that Polish farmers do not use any criteria to estimate plant water requirements for controlling irrigation, which leads to waste of water and energy. This is because userfriendly technologies enabling rational use of water resources are not easily available. The objective of the project is to develop an effective system for control of irrigation in ornamental nurseries, based on measurements of plant parameters, soil conditions and climatic data. To realize this approache the crop coefficient (k) for several important nursery species should be determined. Also the method of restricted irrigation (Regulated Deficit Irrigation - RDI) to control plant shape and plant quality will be tested on several important nursery cultivars. Additionally quantitative and qualitative evaluation of drainage water originated from container ornamental nurseries will be performed. The technology developed within the project will become the key element of the strategy of rational plant irrigation in ornamental nurseries. This is novel, hitherto not implemented approach to the problem of rational irrigation water use in plant production ...
The aim of the study was to estimate water requirements of strawberry nursery grown under protected conditions. Strawberry mother plants were cultivated in pots filled with a mixture of peat and coconut substrate. The plants were irrigated by a drip system. Watering frequency was controlled by a developed prototypical weight-based irrigation scheduling system. This system enabled automatic control of irrigation depending on actual plant water requirements. The results showed usefulness of the developed system for scheduling the irrigation of strawberry. The obtained data on irrigation frequency and water application rates provided information on actual evapotranspiration of strawberry nursery (ETr). Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was calculated using Grabarczyk equation on a basis of temperature and air humidity data. Having both ETo and ETr values made it possible to calculate crop coefficient (Kc) for strawberry nursery. Kc varied from 0.05 in February (just after planting the mother plants) to 0.62 at the end of cultivation period (before harvesting the plantlets). ...
The effect of deficit irrigation imposed in July-August period on shoot growth and flower formation in container grown rhododendron in commercial nursery were assessed. Plants were exposed to three irrigation regimes based on potential evapotranspiration rates (100% ET0 - well-watered control plants, 75% ET0 - moderate drought and 50% ET0 - severe drought). The values of evapotranspiration were calculated using the Penman-Monteith model. The degree of drought had significant effect on the plant growth and water status of plants. Severe drought inhibited secondary shoot elongation compared to less stressful regime but did not affect flower formation. ‘Catawbiense Boursault', ‘Nova Zembla' and ‘Pearce's American Beauty' plants exposed to severe drought were shorter, respectively by 39, 45 and 86% than well-irrigated plants and two of the three cultivars ‘Catawbiense Boursault' and ‘Pearce's American Beauty' produced fewer secondary branches (5.9 and 0.3) compared to control plants (9.2 and 1.7, respectively). Moderate drought did not affect plant growth but resulted in flower bud formation in ‘Nova Zembla' and ‘Pearce's American Beauty's cultivars. Estimated water consumption by rhododendrons throughout the whole growing season was reduced by 15% for moderate and 25% for severe drought compared to control, well-watered plants. The results have significant implications ...
This paper presents data on daily precipitation totals from six meteorological stations and the climatic water balance for the stations located throughout Poland in 2011-2015. The following sequences of days without precipitation were distinguished: from 11 to 15 days, from 16 to 20 days, and of more than 20 days. The number of precipitation-free sequences during the growing season in 2011-2015 was highly variable. Over the studied period, there were from 1.0 rainless sequence in Wtelno to 2.4 such sequences in Gołębiów per one growing season. The most frequently occurring were sequences of 11-15 days, while those of 16-20 days were less frequent. In the years under analysis, all of the different sequences occurred most frequently in July, and the least frequently in April. The highest numbers of sequences without precipitation were recorded in the south-east of Poland (Zakalniki, Gołębiów). ...
This paper presents data on daily precipitation totals from six meteorological stations and the climatic water balance for the stations located throughout Poland in 2011-2015. The following sequences of days without precipitation were distinguished: from 11 to 15 days, from 16 to 20 days, and of more than 20 days. The number of precipitation-free sequences during the growing season in 2011-2015 was highly variable. Over the studied period, there were from 1.0 rainless sequence in Wtelno to 2.4 such sequences in Gołębiów per one growing season. The most frequently occurring were sequences of 11-15 days, while those of 16-20 days were less frequent. In the years under analysis, all of the different sequences occurred most frequently in July, and the least frequently in April. The highest numbers of sequences without precipitation were recorded in the south-east of Poland (Zakalniki, Gołębiów). ...
The increasing role of perennials in ornamental nurseries requires the elaboration of efficient and accurate irrigation control of this specific group of plants. The experiment was conducted in 2015 in Research Institute of Horticulture, in Skierniewice. The aim of the study was to determine the water requirements and designate the specific evapotranspiration crop coefficient Kc of several perennials, commonly grown in Polish ornamental nurseries. Water requirements of perennials were evaluated using weighing lysimeters. At the same time the recorded climate parameters allowed to calculate the potential evapotranspiration (ET0). Lysimeter measurements and meteorological data allowed determine specific to each species crop coefficient (Kc). The Kc values were determined by dividing ETc by ET0. The obtained results showed that irrespectively of plant growth phase there is strong correlation between climate parameters and real crop evapotranspiration (ETc) of six evaluated perennials: Anemone hupehensis 'Prinz Heinrich', Echinacea purpurea ‘Guava Ice', Hemerocallis, ‘Sandra Elisabeth', Salvia nemorosa ‘Mainacht' and Veronica spicata ‘Royal Candles Glory'. The Kc coefficients of all species were changed during the growth season and increased according to plant development and percentage of ground coverage of soil in the lysimeter by leaves. The strong, positive correlation was shown for daily and hourly ...
The aim of the study was to compare the water requirements and the precipitation deficiencies during cultivation of asparagus in the period from June to August in the regions of Bydgoszcz and Wroclaw. The water needs were calculated using the plant coefficient. The reference evapotranspiration was measured by Grabarczyk's method (1976). The coefficients kc, determined for the Polish conditions by Rolbiecki (2013), were used to estimate the water requirements considered as the crop evapotranspiration. In the studied period (from June to August, 1996-2015), higher water requirements of asparagus were noted in the Wroclaw region (366.1 mm) than in the Bydgoszcz region (288.5 mm). The monthly water needs in June, July and August were 69.8 mm, 128.8 mm and 167.5 mm, respectively, in the Wroclaw region, and 55.5 mm, 98.5 mm and 134.5 mm, respectively, in the Bydgoszcz region. In July, the tendency to increase the water requirements in both observed regions was noted. The monthly crop evapotranspiration in July rose in each decade by 12.3 mm in the Bydgoszcz region and by 21.2 mm in the Wroclaw region. In the 20-year study, the rainfall deficit in June and July during 11-13 years was noted. In August, the precipitation deficiencies were ...
The paper presents simple equations for estimation of water needs of fruit trees for conditions of Poland. These formulas are derived on the base of numerical data provided by many authors. Water needs of fruit trees can be estimated on the base of air temperature according to data and methodology of Drupka, Kemmer and Schulz as well as Press. The method of estimation of fruit tree evapotranspiration with the use of crop coefficients for particular months of the vegetation period (acc. to Doorenbos and Pruitt and acc. to Treder) and reference crop (grass) evapotranspiration on the base of air temperature (acc. to: Treder, Hargreaves in modification of Droogers and Allen, Hargreaves in modification of Bogawski and Bednorz, Blaney-Criddle in modification of Żakowicz) are also presented. The presented formulas can be helpful in estimating the irrigation needs of orchards (and vineyards) in conditions of Poland. The presented formulas can be also useful in making decisions on the location of irrigation equipment and the possible application of irrigation in orchards (and vineyards) in Poland. ...
The study aimed to determine the differences in lawn irriga-tion needs resulting from the topographical heterogeneity of the city of Bydgoszcz and surrounding areas. To gather the data, me-teorological measurements were carried out in the period from May to September 2012-2014, in areas diversified in terms of the degree of urbanization and land cover: the center of a large city, urban peripheries and rural area. Based on the calculated water needs of the lawn, the range of rainfall deficits during the lawn growing period was determined. It was found that seasonal rain-fall totals in the compared locations were at a similar level, but a large temporal variability of this indicator was observed in indi-vidual seasons. In terms of evapotranspiration, clear differences were noted between the analysed locations. On average, the high-est amounts of potential evapotranspiration were found in the city center, which may be the result of the urban heat island phenome-non forming over this area. However, the lowest water loss due to evapotranspiration took place in the rural area. As a result of these, the analysis showed that the lawn's irrigation needs were characterized by both temporal and spatial variability. By far the greatest irrigation needs occurred in urban ...
