Waste management is a section of technical infrastructure which is often called public utilities determining the sanitary and ecological level of rural areas. Wastes appear everywhere - on wastelands, by field roads, in the roadside ditches and drainage ditches, in parks and forests, and often also in the farmsteads. Growing rate of waste production, particularly indecomposable ones, poses two basic problems which must be solved by the self-government authorities in the commune: developing a system of waste collection and methods of their disposal. The first involves educational and organizational issues. The second problem is far more difficult to solve because a method or methods should be selected for managing municipal wastes. A most common method which must be usually applied in any conditions is waste deposition on controlled landfill site. The article presents the state of waste management in the Gródek nad Dunajcem commune and suggests some improvements to the situation. While presenting solutions applied by the commune attention was focused on ecological and economic advantages connected with upgrading the existing programme of waste management. The present system was evaluated on the basis of legal acts currently in force on developing solid waste management programmes, the amount ...
The article presents some results of investigations and prognostic studies of the Institute of Buildings Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture (IBMER) on the future model of agriculture and agricultural engineering resulting from Common Agricultural Policy implementation and pro-ecological effect on the multifunctional development of agriculture and rural areas. Initiated process of technological modernization of developing family farms and large commodity farms is associated with promoted transfer from traditional and intensive systems of agricultural production to sustainable, organic and precision systems of agriculture. A systematic influence of the scientific progress on the effectiveness of plant and animal production was observed as constantly diminishing family commodity farms. Further technological progress, diminishing of accumulated energy consumption and unit agricultural production costs will stimulate development of about 400 thous farms and producer groups able to compete on food markets. It was also found that considering the agricultural production sustainability, integrated by the multifunctional rural development, energy saving and environmental protection in rural areas, science and technology face increasingly serious tasks. These among other include judging and harmonizing interests of agri- and food producers with ecological requirements connected with soil, water, air, forest and other environment protection. It must be decided whether agrochemicals should be ...
The principles of the European Union's programme for developing rural areas aim at: increasing the productivity of agriculture; providing agricultural people with a proper standard and level of living; stabilizing agricultural and food product markets. To achieve those targets and goals, special legal, marketing, supportive and financial tools are applied. The pro-ecological trend in the development of rural areas presses us into improving the conditions and state of our natural environment through the elimination of unfavourable phenomena. One of the measures is to support ecological (also known as organic) agriculture because its potential, as well as the continuously growing demand for organic food products are not sufficiently utilized so far; thus the promotion of ecological agriculture should absolutely be a priority. Poland's access to EU stimulated the realization of those basic principles of the UE programme, which refer to the development of agriculture. The principles in question assumed that measures and activities focused on some key objectives should be jointly financed. Those objectives are as follows: - improving natural environment through the elimination of unfavourable phenomena, protecting & preserving culture and nature-landscape values, as well as motivating & stimulating the development of retarded regions; - making the policy of economic ...
The analysis of flow and river bed conditions of the Vistula River on section km 599-600 km are presented in the paper. That section of the river has not been regulated yet. River bed is irregular with numerous islands and rich vegetation. Due to nature value of the river section the nature reserve “Kępa Antonińska” was established there. The river causes a risk of erosion of flood protection embankments. However, technical solutions for improving of river bed stability can not be applied there due to requirements of environmental protection. The analysis of solutions suggested by naturalists indicated that are not considering in satisfactorily degree the specific of fluvial processes. Application of those solutions will lead to deterioration of morphological condition in river bed on the nature reserve area. ...
It present organization of waste management in gmina, when the Poland was became the member of European Union. Perform analysis as self-governed administration was be prepared for realization of personal task in environmental protection. It call attention on local community - important potential for economic growth of subregion and regions. ...
The article addresses the issue of dwellers’ share in financing tasks real-ized by communes. Attention was focused particularly on potential use of self-imposed taxation of the commune dwellers and providing the rules of their volun-tary participation in the costs of the enterprise. The Author analyzed the theoreti-cal problem of self-imposed taxation and presented a review of judicial decisions made by the administrative courts whether the resolutions concerning the local communities voluntary financial involvement were taken by the local government in compliance with the law. The article aimed at recognizing selected issues associated with the dwell-ers’ voluntary participation in realization of the communal tasks, particularly those in the area of natural environment protection. The means acquired through obligation to make payments for their commune, assumed voluntarily by the com-mune dwellers is a difficult problem and the difficulty involves not only meeting the formal and legal requirements. The analysis of cases of waste management costs co-financing by the commune inhabitants, or constructing the infrastructure elements for environmental protection allows for a conclusion that the commune authorities approach the problem wrongly and act contrary to the legal provisions trying to introduce obligation instead of creating a climate favouring the endeav-ours through shaping ...
Railway network disappears. The technical condition of railway infrastruc-ture is not satisfactory. Environmental protection against failures in railway transport is part of the European Union's policy. Rail transport includes the transportation of hazardous materials. Rail transport is mainly passenger trans-port. This is national and international transport. Protecting human life and health is the responsibility of each rail cartier. This is an obligation of the interna-tional rulet. Inspection of Environmental Protection is working with Transport Railway Inspectorate. Interoperability concerns also prevent accidents in railway transport. It also help in disaster recovery. Documenting and analyzing failures in transport i spart of transport materials and people. International cooperation should be aimed at improving rail infrastructure. ...
For several years in Poland there is offensive windmills. Wind turbines are formed in the areas with a beautiful landscape where people live mainly from tourism. The Warmia and Mazury has one of the best Polish conditions for wind energy development. Socio-economic situation in the region contributes to seek additional sources of financing municipal expenditure. Use are foreign corpora-tions that run more wind farms in the region. Local government is only waiting and dreaming of millions from investors for the most-needed investment in communities.The paper contains a discussion on wind energy development in the context of the landscape protection of the Warmia and Mazury region. ...
In recent years, a very trendy and popular holiday destination has become the Biebrza National Park. Biebrza Marshes - the largest wetland complex in Eu-rope are the most popular tourists. The reason for visiting the Biebrza National Park is need for contact with nature, bird watching and fishing.Aim of this study is to present quantitative and qualitative changes have occurred in recent years in the tourist economy of the Biebrza National Park. An analysis of statistical material and documents obtained at the Park. The analysis presents trends of seasonality and tourist attractions. ...
Poland is third in Europe after France and Spain in terms of participation in use of agricultural soils and share of agricultural lands in the whole area of country. Diversity of natural conditions, mainly soil, in the particular communes dictates the need to diversify production profile. This represents a shift of production towards the right for a small scale, with an emphasis on specialization in several areas of the community. The commune Staroźreby belongs to the problem areas such as backward, peripheral or located in economically depressed. The aim of this study was to determine the principles of rational development of community Staroźreby taking into account existing soil and environmental protection principles. Soil and environmental conditions of community Staroźreby promote the use of environmental resources due to: (i) landform features, (ii) the favorable climatic conditions, (iii) adequate water conditions, (iv) soil conditions, (v) a high total value CVAPA, (vi) the low level of industrialization. Agricultural use of natural resources of Staroźreby community will be associated with increasing share of specialized farmsteads (eg, breeding pigs, cattle, gardening). The main problems of agricultural development in the commune Staroźreby result of: (i) unfavorable agricultural structure, (ii) a large share of low-fertility soils, ...
Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in the Warmia and Mazury voivodship. However, unsustainable tourism is not environmentally neutral. The increasing trend in the tourism industry to obtain the maximum benefit from tourism industry to fight for each area of interest for tourists. Very rarely remembers the obligation to care for the preservation of the environment. Are caused by damage, which often have irreversible consequences.The attention to maintaining high environmental values requires a coherent and consistent policy environment. It is also important to ensure access to environmental information and environmental education. Degradation caused by the escalation in tourism, should be an incentive for action in the areas of forecasting and environmental planning and setting tools that enforce implementation of sustainable tourism development. Control impacts of tourism on the environment should take into account the behavior of small scale tourism, especially in the areas of high natural value.The study contains the determinants of tourism development area and the risks to the environment arising from the implementation of tourism and non-compliance with the principles of sustainable development. Based on the analysis of available literature sources has attempted to identify strategic objectives were identified in the tasks to be performed, for ...
All plants based on combustion of the fuel generate a large number of flue gases, which contain variety of pollutants. These include particulates, heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Tl, As, Ni, Pb), carbon compounds (CO, hydrocarbons (VOCs), (PCDD / F, PCB), acid and other gases (HCl, HF, HBr, HI, SO2, NOx, NH3), whose emissions are controlled, and subjected to the European and regional limits. In municipal waste-to-energy plants large diversity of fuel results in a considerable concentration of the individual compounds which can be dangerous for the environment. Due to these facts, it is necessary to take into account a flue gas cleaning stage in every waste-to-energy plant. The article divided into two parts shows technologies and processes that can be used at this stage. It describes methods used to deal with all kinds of pollutants at flue gases treatment stage. The paper presents emission limits imposed by the European Union with examples of emissions at working municipal waste-to-energy plants, and the limits that are to be expected in the future. Some topics, as costs and residual handling, are only briefly mentioned and for more information a reader is advised to use literature which will allow him to learn more about ...
This article is a continuation of the first part of the article flue gas cleaning in municipal Waste-to-Energy plants- part I. The first part contains an extensive introduction to the subject of flue gas cleaning and cover subjects: reduction of dust and particle-bounded heavy metals as well as NOX reduction. The second part focuses on reduction of acid gases, organic pollutants and heavy metals. One chapter is devoted to examples of working plants: Spittelau (AT), Issy les Moulineaux (FR), Mainz (DE), Zabalgarbi (ES) where used technology and pollutants emissions are shown along with comparison to WTERT 2006 top ten plants and EU limits. Six new Polish Waste-to-Energy plants are shortly describe according to flue gas treatment methods. Some topics, as costs and residual handling, are only briefly mentioned and for more information the reader is advised to use literature which will allow them to learn more about technology, processes and problems presented in the text. The aim of the study is to present the current state of flue gas cleaning in Waste-to-Energy plants. ...
