In researches over level of endowment to technical infrastructure, but especially in spatial comparative analyses it is helpful application of multidimensional statistics methods, allowing on assignment of synthetic measureMeasures substitute numerous set of the feature of researched object (variable characterizing individual elements of technical infrastructure) with one aggregate variable.Such approach enables estimate of object (communes) by one largeness and it allows ordering of analyzed object based on treated problem (level of infrastructural development). The purpose of article is assignment of development measure of technical infrastructure according to various methods of constructing of synthetic measures, and comparison received results. The objective is verification how the application of different aggregation methods of the same diagnostic variable effects results, manner and which from suggested methods seem adequate for researches over technical infrastructure.Were chosen 5 different proposals of constructions of synthetic variable and were compare received results according to them these methods.Object of research presents 20 mountain communes in the podkarpackie province. For construction of synthetic measure were accept 8 diagnostic variable characterizing elements of technical infrastructure of country area. ...
Rural development in both Europe and China has undergone profound transformation in recent decades, shifting from a productivity-oriented model toward one embracing multifunctionality and sustainability. This paper reviews and compares the conceptual frameworks, policy instruments, and practical implementations of multifunctional and sustainable rural development (MSRD) in these two regions. Drawing upon policy documents, academic literature, and international development reports from 2000 to 2025, the analysis highlights similarities in the pursuit of rural diversification, environmental protection, and social inclusion, yet underscores distinct institutional pathways shaped by governance systems and cultural contexts. The study concludes that mutual learning between European and Chinese rural policies can foster more integrated, resilient, and inclusive rural futures. ...
