Water plays an important role in the processes present in ecosystems, and constitutes the essential abiotical part of the environment. As a resource which is renewable and changeable in time, the water performs numerous management functions. The nature of those particular functions requires that water is not only protected from contamination, but also economically managed as well. The qualitative and quantitative protection of water resources constitutes and integral part of environmental protection. The present paper describes water-sewage management in Drwinia Commune in Krakow Region (Bochnia Powiat). Particular emphasis is laid on correct management of the water resources available, the quality of surface and underground water resources and the sewage management. The assessment of water management is preceded by the description of the commune itself, in terms of its local development, demography, usage and climate. By analysing the data, it has become possible to state that, although Drwinia Commune possesses sufficient water resources (except for drought periods), the quality of such resources allows them neither to be used for drinking purposes - without prior treatment - nor for farm use. The water resources available include in first row flowing surface waters and underground quaternary waters. The lack of sufficiently developed water ...
According to the Energy Low requirements relevant to local commune level, there should be made the balance of local energy demand and existing heat and energy potential. As Serock commune is the rural one, it does not have any centralized heating systems. In 2004 Serock local commune had 10 193 inhabitants. They occupied 1050 apartments in the city and 2500 houses or flats in commune rural area. In Serock rural commune, energy demand for house and water heating systems is ensured mainly by natural gas, next by solid fossil fuels; coal and coal derivatives. In the city 474 households were heated by gas, and in the country – 717. The rest – i.e. 576 households in the city and 1783 in the country were heated by other energy carriers. To heat 1m2 of living area (data based on our own research results) energy of 0,7 GJ is needed. The equivalent heat power amounts to 0,1 kW. Currently, in Sercok local commune total heating demand amounts to 343 408 GJ/a, which is the equivalent of about 49,05 MW of power necessary to cover typical heating season demand. In the studied community, total coal consumption amounts to 5897,5 t per year, and ...
The paper reviews and briefly characterizes documents devoted to the implementation of sustainable development policies in Polish communes within environment protection and shaping issues. The analysis embraces several obligatory documents drawn up by Polish communes, such as: ecophysiographic studies, environment protection programmes, waste management plans, energy supply plans, ecological education plans, studies of determinants and directions of spatial management, local spatial plans. It also deals with other optional documents: natural resource inventories, development strategies, local develop-ment plans and ecological policies. Moreover, based on specialized literature, the paper outlines the condition and quality of studies drawn up in Polish communes. Out of the researched in-ventory of communes, approx. 23% have developed natural resource inventories, 28% have created ecophysiographic studies, and nearly 77% – studies of deter-minants. Active participation of communes in the process of eco-development planning varies in particular parts of Poland: most active communes are situated in the provinces of Lublin, Lower Silesia, and Mazovia; whilst the least active in the provinces of Łódź, Opole, and Podlasie. Most common flaws of ecophysiographic studies, which act as the basic source of information for the needs of eco-development, involve: inaccurate geo-complex delimitation, methodological drawbacks regarding the evaluation of anthropopressure resistance, ...
Waste management comprises a number of single activities forming a cohe-rent system aiming at creating conditions for waste storage, their transport and disposal.Poland committed herself to implement and realise the European Union di-rectives concerning waste management. One of the major problems is closing down the hitherto existing landfills which do not meet the requirements of the directives. Moreover, the European Union requires a radical diminishing of the municipal waste quantities deposited on landfills.This aim may be reached by means of appropriate education about handling wastes and creating a system of waste management, suitable for local conditions. The paper shows the waste management system existing in the past in the Bochnia commune and the current state of affairs, and suggests solutions leading to improvement of the currently existent system. The research, conducted in the form of directed interviews among the investigated commune dwellers allowed to indicate the main trends of changes in the system of waste management, particularly concerning the waste collection. ...
The subject of this article is an analysis of adjacent payments which are one of the groups of real estate payments. These payments as a rule are a source of covering - entirely or in part - costs incurred by the Treasury or local government units by executing their assigned tasks. Therefore adjacent payments may be an effective way of an economic development of communes. On the other hand, the adjacent payments arouse many controversies, especially regards the rightness of their existence, setting their amount and way of paying. Real estate owners more and more often appeal against mayor's decisions of calculating such a payment in Council Court of Appeal.The aim of this article is to evaluate adjacent payments calculated in the rural commune of Krokowa in years 2009-2011 and connected with the accession of property that took place as a result of its division or building new technical in-frastructure. In this article adjacent payments are analysed in context of their accordance with the Real Estate Management Act, their impact on the commune budget and development of a commune infrastructure, costs connected with setting their amount, number of decisions on calculating such a payment and appeals against them to ...
Water supply and sewerage infrastructure, which characterizes a particular territorial unit, is one of the key elements of its economic development. The sustainability index of water and sewage management system of the specific area, for which the total lengths of both water supply system and sewerage system are similar as it can be clearly seen, looking at the urban units of the Krakow Metropolitan Area, is absolutely vital. The apparent disparity between the lengths of both the water supply system and sewage system in the urban-rural and rural communes with a particularly significant shortage of sewerage infrastructure was shown. This proves the unsustainability of water and sewage management system in the area. A significant improvement in the condition of infrastructure in the analysed decade should be noted. This is clearly linked with the main objective of the Water Framework Directive and the subsequent participation of the analyzed area of KMA in the EU funds and other aid programs which aim at achieving a good level of water by 2015. ...
