The study characterizes extreme values of air temperature, which occurred in the Sudetes during the period 1951-2007. Analysis of data obtained from four reference stations confirmed warming progressing in our times in the entire height profile of the Sudetes (203-1603 m above sea level). The author presented upward trends of temperature almost in all months, however, not all of them were of statistical importance. The greatest increase in the maximum temperature was recorded in May (0.6ºC/10 years). Another significant sign of current warming is also the downward trend in the number of frosty days (Tmax<0ºC) and of very frosty ones ((Tmax<-10ºC) in the entire hypsometric profile, and a growing number of warm days (Tmax≥25ºC) and of hot ones (Tmax≥30ºC) in areas located in lower parts. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, stations located at the foot of the Sudetes recorded the so-called particularly hot days, which had not been recorded before, with the maximum temperature exceeding 35ºC. Contemporary warming of climate in the highest part of the Sudetes (on Śnieżka) differs in terms of various thermal indicators from that in lower parts. ...
The results of research over influence of air temperature on oxygen condition in carp pond are present in this paper. Mean of dissolved oxygen concentration observed at 8 am were equal 7,18 mg O2·dm-3, at 2 pm – 12,76 mg O2·dm-3 and at 8 pm – 13,37 mg O2·dm-3. Large fluctuations of dissolved oxygen concentration in the euphotic zone of eutrophic fish pond were observed. Oxygen condition lower then lower limit of dissolved oxygen concentration for carp (5 mg O2·dm-3) were observed at 8 am (minimum = 2,34 mg O2·dm-3). The highest oxygen concentration were observed in the afternoon (14 pm) and in the evening (8 pm). The highest oxygen concentration were equal 25,8 mg O2·dm-3. Analysis of connection between air temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration revealed weak but essential relationship for the results from 2 and 8 pm. Increase of oxygen concentration was observed with increase of air temperature. ...
Meteorological conditions have a considerable impact on water relations and the state of forest hydrogenic habitats. Variation in atmospheric precipita-tion and air temperatures are of particular relevance. The presented meteoro-logical parameters obtained between 1986 and 2008 from the meteorological station in Zielonka included: annual and halfyear precipitation sums; drought frequencies; number of days by quantity; mean annual and half-year air tempera-tures; number of days of different temperature categories; duration of the mete-orological growing season; beginning and completion of the meteorological growing season. The study results indicated the occurrence of changes in the values of the above-specified parameters. From 1987 to 2007 the mean precipitation value was 541 mm. In Zielonka nearly 5 droughts in a year and 2–3 during the summer half-years were noted. In recent years, a decrease in days with precipitation below 1 mm and above 20 mm was recorded. The mean annual air temperatures and mean temperatures of the winter and summer halfyears show a rising tendency. This is the result of changes in the number of days with extreme temperatures. In recent years, the number of days with the average temperature between -5.0 and 15.0°C has decreased while the number of days with temperature above ...
The object of the study was the thermal conditions in the southern part of the Krakowsko-Częstochowska Upland. The analysis of the influence of synoptic situations on the value of air temperature deviation from perennial mean. Recent studies more often analyze standard meteorological elements as well as synoptic situations which are characterized by specific spacious pressure distribution and the direction of air mass. Atmospheric circulation in comparison to geographical factors of climate is a process variable in time. Therefore the studies which aim to describe differen-tiation of the climate elements in current synoptic situations are so important. The types of synoptic situations described by T. Niedzwiedz were used for the Upper Vistula River Basin. Also the results of the air temperature observations carried from 1991 to 2005 at the meteorological stations in Kraków-Balice, Gar-lica Murowana and Ojców. The stations represent the most typical forms of the area i.e. flattened val-ley (Kraków-Balice), hill (Garlica Murowana) and deep valley (Ojców). The research showed that in the study area anticyclonic situations (56%) occurred more often than cyclonic situations (44%). The most frequent situations were: Ka (13,%), Bc (11,8%), Wa (9,5%) and Wc (8,7%). The least frequent were: Ec (1,3%), Cc (0,7%) and X (1,7%) ...
Meteorological conditions have a potential impact on forest economy. Var-iation in atmospheric precipitation and air temperatures are of particular relev-ance. The presented meteorological parameters obtained between 1987 (1986) and 2008 from the meteorological station in Zielonka included: annual, half-year and monthly precipitation sums; snow cover characteristic, drought frequencies; number of days by quantity; mean annual, half-year and monthly air temperatures; number of days of different temperature categories; duration of the meteorological growing season; beginning and completion of the meteorological growing season, period without slight frost. The study results indicated the occurrence of changes in the values of the above-specified parameters. From 1987 to 2008 the mean precipitation value was 531mm. In Zielonka nearly 5 droughts in a year and 2-3 during the summer half-years were noted. In recent years, a de-crease in days with precipitation below 1mm was recorded. The mean annual air temperatures and mean temperatures of the winter and summer half-years show a rising tendency. This is the result of changes in the number of days with extreme temperatures. In recent years, the number of days with the average temperature between -5.0 and 15.0°C has decreased while the number of days with temperature above +15.0°C has increased. The ...
As part of PROZA project at the Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, work is being carried out on launching an integrated wave-current model for the Baltic Sea region. Wave WAM and current POM models used for this pur-pose, are supplied with data from numerical weather forecasts from the Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) model operating at ICM. The accuracy of forecasts of meteorological parameters directly impacts the forecasts of wind wave and sea current fields. The accuracy of results of short term weather forecasts generated by COAMPS and Unified Model (UMPL) operating at ICM, was assessed for two locations on the coast of Baltic Sea in Poland. For the two studied locations (Łeba and Hel), air temperature is forecasted with highest accuracy (r>90%), and wind direction and velocity forecasts are characterized by lower accuracy (r<85%)
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The paper presents the characteristics of soil and climate conditions at the Experimental Station in Zawady, belonging to University Of Natural Sciences And Humanities in Siedlce, cultivated area, grain yields and harvest the four species of cereals were given (winter rye, triticale, spring triticale and spring wheat). In soil and climatic conditions in the area of RSD on the largest area triticale was planted, which harvested on the highest level, which let to get the largest yields. But the lowest grain yield was taken from winter rye and spring wheat. Cereal grain yield in research years was differed by conditions of rain and temperature. Difference in grain yield in relation to the average of the decade ranged from -36.5% to 58.3%, depending on years and species.
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Construction works in the open air, in particular laying sewage systems, are susceptible to weather conditions. Weather conditions, such as very high or low emperatures, strong winds, intense and prolonged precipitation, interfere with work and they can even lead to cessation of construction. In consequence, the construction work lasts longer than originally assumed. On the other hand, it is impossible to alter weather. Therefore, it is vital to conduct a thorough identification of threats related to adverse weather conditions. This work makes an attempt to determine basic relationship between adverse weather conditions and the possibility of completing construction work according to a schedule. This analysis is a part of Schedule Risk Assessment. The findings show that the frequency of adverse weather occurrence is high and it affects schedule risk with special regard to air temperatures below -5°C and above 25°C. Thus, before starting construction, the probability of adverse weather conditions should be considered. Accurate identification of weather factors during the planning phase may help in accumulation of adequate reserves. Therefore, any unavoidable circumstances that are forced by adverse weather seem to be allowed in the schedule. This work focuses on air temperature, precipitation and wind because of their ...
Occurence of minus air temperature, precipitation and wind worsen tech-nical conditions of the performance of maintenance works and it also has an impact on the occupational safety. Some of the results of considered weather events are the delays in the performance of particular works and an increase of their costs in a result of additional works. Potential financial loss that may influence enterprise in a result of unfavourable weather conditions is determined as the weather risk. In the following research the level of the risk in maintenance works in watercourses was assessed. The analysis of the weather forms was conducted in Wrocław between 2000 and 2011 for that purpose. Three weather conditions such as the air temperature below 0, rainfall, snowfall and the velocity of the wind were considered. Analysis was conducted basing on the data obtained from the Wroclaw Airport station. It was performed for the period recommended for the performance of maintenance works in watercourses from the 1st to the 31st of December. Frequency of the days occurence while weather conditions constituted an obstacle was determined basing on the obtained data. The analysis revealed that unfavourable weather conditions occurred often in realization of the works in the considered ...
monthly and annual air temperature in the region of Bydgoszcz in the years 1951-2010, based on measurements from a representative meteorological station located within the Airport Bydgoszcz-Szwederowo. Air temperature measurements were carried out on the plateau, about 3.5 km from the city center. This paper presents a range of changes of the average air temperature, on the basis of selected, calculated elements of descriptive statistics. Regression analysis was performed and the linear function determined direction of studied parameters at a time. In addition, the thermal conditions prevailing in Bydgoszcz were classified based on the method proposed by Lorenc[1994]. The average air temperature in the region of Bydgoszcz, especially in the winter months, was characterized by high temporal variability, appropriate to moderate and transitional climate in Poland. Average annual air temperature was characterized by a statistically significant increase over time, at 0.17 °C per 10 years. There has been a temporary extension of the variability of average air temperature in the thirty-year 1981-2010 in 9 out of 13 examined cases, compared to the previous period 1951-1980. Months classified as normal thermal periods accounted for 40.8% of all analyzed monthly basis, throughout the study period 1951-2010. ...
Results of the 3-year field experiment carried out in 2005-2007 at the Ex-perimental Station in Zawady near Siedlce on good rye complex soil are presented in the paper. The oat phonological stages progress depending on weather condi-tions in vegetation period was estimated. The weather conditions in years of investigation were diversified. Exceptionally unfavorable conditions were in season 2006 - the great precipitation deficiency was noted. In following years the effects of three sowing rates (300, 500, 700 germinating seeds/1m2) on three oat cultivars (Polar - hulless cultivar, Bachmat and Rajtar - hulled cultivars) was evaluated. It was indicated that the decisive influence on oats growth and yield had the weather conditions in experimental years, also with experience factors: seed spacing and cultivars. The highest yield was noted in favorable 2007 year. The sowing rates increase caused the substantial growth of grain yield. Among examined cultivars the highest yield had Bachmat cultivar. ...
The paper presents results of air temperature measurements carried out in 2012 using automatic weather stations in three locations. The first station records thermal conditions in the center of Bydgoszcz, the second is installed in the periphery area of the city - in Fordon, and the third station represents the rural area surrounding Bydgoszcz works in the Research Station of the Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, UTP in Mochle. Based on the comparison of temperature records it was found that the highest temperature was registered in the city center, slightly cooler was in the periphery area, and the coldest was outside the city in the rural area. The largest differences were recorded in the summer, and the lowest in the winter. Identified differences in air temperature between the center of the city, peripheral zone and rural area, affected the dates of the beginning, the end and the length of meteorological seasons, the thermal vegetation period and also the attendance of days in terms of thermal conditions. The biggest discrepancies related to the city center and rural area. In Fordon usually were recorded dates in between and intermediate values. In all the locations were found similar number of warm days, ...
The aim of the study was the characteristics of thermal-precipitation conditions in the Opole voivodeship on the basis of mean monthly air temperature, and precipitation values from the 1981-2010 period from the Łosiów, Stare Olesno, Opole, and Głubczyce weather stations. Basic statistical characteristics of the thermal-precipitation conditions were calculated. They were mean monthly, and annual air temperature, and precipitation values over the 30-year period, standard temperature deviations, and precipitation variability coefficients. It was also studied whether there were trends of change as far as temperature, and precipitation were concerned. In addition, the dates of the beginning, and end of thermal periods, as well as their lengths were determined. The determined periods were: thermal winter, the economic period, vegetation period, intense vegetation period, and ripening period, corresponding to the period of thermal summer. During the last stage of study, dryness indicator A was calculated. On the basis of the calculations carried out, it was stated, that in the Opole voivodship the mean annual air temperature ranged from 8.0ºC, and 9.1ºC, and in the case of two towns it increased significantly. A significant increase in monthly temperature was also observed in April, and in the summer months. The increase in temperature translated ...
In this article the authors present a thermal analysis of winter seasons with temperatures above 0ºC. This analysis was carried out in the period 1981-2010, which was marked by a clear temperature increase in Poland as well as worldwide. The analysis emphasizes the impact of temperature changes on recreational and tourist qualities of rural areas. The material used, featured mean monthly temperature values obtained from 53 weather stations situated in lowland areas. The winter season was defined as lasting from December to February. In all three months 6 different winters were distinguished which had temperatures above 0ºC in terms of mean area values (1987/1988, 1988/1989, 1989/1990, 1997/1998, 2006/2007 and 2007/2008). A typical warm winter with temperatures above 0°C in all three months, is characterized by a longitudinal course of January isotherms from east to west (1 to 3°C). During the warmest month, (Jan 2007) the isotherms had a similar pattern (2 to 5°C). The most important negative impact of global warming during winter is the decrease in the number of days with snow cover and the depth of snow cover. Adaptation approaches present a number of various suggestions and solutions in terms of the existing and forecasted climate changes during ...
An assessment of the variability of four climatic indicators of plant irrigation needs (air temperature, precipitation, frequency of atmospheric droughts, rainfall shortages) in the 1st zone of irrigation application in Poland was carried out. The analysis concerned four localities (Szczecin, Poznań, Kalisz, Toruń) during the reference multiyear period 1991-2020, in the entire period of active plant growth (V-VIII) as well as the parts of it. Results of the analysis have shown a fairly clear increase in irrigation needs in terms of the climatic criterion. It results primarily from a significant increase in air temperature, resulting in an increase in the water needs of plants. For the period 1991-2020 tendency to deepening rainfall shortages in the Szczecin Lowland and in Wielkopolska was demonstrated. The large numbers of atmospheric droughts with higher level of intensity were identified in the second part of the analysed period in the years 2015- 2020. ...
