By using the synthetic index this dossier represents a trial to identify the living standards of populations in agricultural parts of swietokrzyskie voivodeship. The construction of this index is based on surveying elements describing different human needs. The selection of surveying elements was dictated by quite a limited collection of accessable statistics data. However preliminary characteristics (using only a few elements) indicates various differences in living standards of analysed population. Translating this data, the standard of living for human being can be categorised into needs and activities; those needs must be met to a satisfactory level. In the research internal and external factors of living standard are taken into consideration. In the dossier lots of attention is focused on internal factors such as housing, communal and social infrustructure and population problem. The researched area is a part of Malopolska Upland in south-east of Poland. Kielecko-Sandomierska Upland with Swietokrzyskie Mountains (Holy Cross Mountains), Niecka Nidzianska and Przedborska Upland are the three makroregions which are parts of Malopolska Upland. The analysed voivodeship is subdivided into 102 communes (gminy), 13 counties (powiaty) and 1 city county (powiat grodzki). Calculated index of living standards in swietokrzyskie voivodeship comprises between 0.62 to 1.90. The carried ...
The problem with the economy in rural areas requires urgent studies of model. Threats impeding and slowing down their development leading to progres-sive degradation of agricultural land and the impoverishment of the rural commu-nity. Of special interest are mountain areas due to environmental resources. Oc-curring in these areas difficult climatic conditions and the terrain is definitely not conducive to the development of agriculture. These areas require the preparation of the current development concepts. One of the proposals targeting rural development could be tourism and recreation. Favored by suitable climatic conditions and natural and rich in scenic and cultural values.This paper attempts to present the importance of land integration in mountain areas. Land integration does not address fully the essential problems in this area. Required to perform changes in the function rural areas. Development strategy set out in the community tasks are not properly implemented in these areas.The forecast land integration shown on the example of a mountain village located in the district of Nowy Targ voivodship. The village is characterized by a high fragmentation of land. The average farm size is approximately 5 ha of agricultural land and consists of approximately 42 lots with an average area of 11 acres. ...
Midfield ponds are characterised by a rich biodiversity. A significant role in the function of these specific water ecosystems is played by resident zooplankton, which is a valuable component of numerous trophic networks. The aim of the present work was to study the taxonomic composition, concentration and biomass of zooplankton in two midfield ponds situated in the area of one commune, but geomorphologically different from each other. Experiments were conducted in the summer seasons (June-August) in the years 2011-2013 in two ponds. The presence of 55 zooplankton taxa, commonly present in such water reservoirs in Poland, was observed. Most species were determined. The largest group comprised rotifers (Rotifera) - 35 taxa. The crustacean zooplankton was less diverse: 11 taxa of copepods (Copepoda) and 9 taxa of water fleas (Cladocera) were found. The reservoir in Stare Czarnowo exhibited a greater number of taxa, where as many as 40 taxa were observed. However, 35 taxa belonging to various zooplankton groups were found in the pond in Żelisławiec. The relatively low Jaccard index confirmed small qualitative similarity between the studied ponds. Both reservoirs contained representatives of species defined as characteristic for oligosaprobic and mesosaprobic waters, which may indicate small contamination of the two ...
