Green roofs are one of the method of recovering green space in urban are-as. They are also effective in improvement of air quality and local climate as well as play an important role in thermal insulation of buildings. The most important role they play in urban areas is rain water retention and delaying of the runoff. The main goal of the research was to estimate potential influence of the green roof substrate on runoff water quality. Preliminary results show increase of the con-centration of phosphates and total solids in leachate. Mean concentration of solids in intensive roof substrate leachate amounted 231 mg dm-3 and in extensive sub-strate leachate 274 mg dm-3, comparing to concentration 6-7 mg dm-3 in simulated rain. Phosphorus concentration in intensive and extensive substrate runoff amounted 0,112 mgPO4-P dm-3 and 0,126 mgPO4-P dm-3 respectively. Phosphorus concentration in simulated rain amounted 0,056 mgPO4-P dm-3. Even if the concentrations in substrate leachate are low, phosphorus can still be an important factor influencing green roofs runoff receiver quality. ...
Air pollution, noise, omnipresent traffic and the accompanying stress make an adverse effect on human life in the city. In addition, buildings and related umpermeable surfaces, enhance the urban heat island effect and cause problems with the management of rainwater. Therefore, modern housing developments must meet the challenge of ensuring a high quality of life for residents. This effect can be achieved by putting on the green, including green roofs, and the construction of ponds in the form of rainwater management systems. Another challenge is to maintain the quality of water in the reservoir. The paper presents the results of two reactive materials laboratory scale tests, for their use in order to maintain the level of phosphorus in the water. According to the FLL guidelines (2011) for swimming ponds, phosphorus concentration below 0.01 mg/L will provide transparent and visually attractive water. Studies have shown that the opoka turned out to be more effective sorbent for phosphorus than dedicated to this goal commercial product FerroSorp®. ...
Majority of on-site wastewater treatment plants discharge effluents to the soil by infiltration systems. The aim of the study was to compare choosen methods of determinantion of soil permeability for its use as a receiver for domestic wastewater. Filtration coefficiens were determined in on-site percolation test, laboratory test (de Wit aparatus) and calculation method (base on grain size analysis). Soils from seven different potential locations of on-site wastewater treatment systems were tested. Soils were characterised as sandy loams and loamy sands. The highest values of filtration coefficients were obtained from percolation tests and the lowest from the calculation method. Calculated hydraulic loads in all cases are lower than values of LTAR (Long-Term Acceptance Rate). The possible reason is that used equation was developed for simple septic systems and includes clogging of soil by solids from pre-treated wastewater. In case of biologically treated wastewater distributed in tested fine-grained soils, infiltration surface determined base on the percolation test, will ensure safe disposal of wastewater for long time of operation of on-site wastewater treatment system. ...
The most of the on site wastewater treatment systems in Poland discharges treated effluent to the soil. The goal of phosphorus (P) reduction from dispersed sources of pollution can be achieved by application of P reactive materials in the construction of wastewater infiltration systems. Two P reactive materials were tested in this study: Polonite® in grains of 26 mm and lightweight aggregate Leca® in grains of 410 mm. Apparent P sorption capacity was assesed on 40.9 mg·g-1 (Polonite®) and 5.1 mg·g-1 (Leca®). Both materials sorbed P-PO4 very fast, after 15 min over 90% of P was removed from solution and wastwater. Wastewater used in this study came from the outlet from the septic tank of on site septic system. P-PO4 solution was prepared from KH2PO4 and the tap water. In the small column experiment, four collumns (2 filled with Polonite® and 2 filled with Leca®) were fed with wastewater and P-PO4 solution in hydraulic loadings of 3040 dm3·m-2·d-1. All the columns removed significant amounts of P from both solution and wastewater with the reduction between 28.3% and 72.5%. The mean P-PO4 effluent concentrations ranged from 1.21 mg·dm-3 to 7.12 mg·dm-3. The best overall performance was achieved by the Polonite® fed ...
The distribution of precipitation is a particularly important factor in periods of critical crop plants which the greatest demand for water. At this work a number of meteorological characteristics associated with precipitation got in Puczniew station in years 1972-2002 were analysed: annual and six-month sums of precipitation; changeability of sums of annual and six-month precipitation (with using the division of years and months on extremely dry, very dry, dry, average, wet, very wet and extremely wet surface); number of days with precipitation (in periods < 10 mm, 10.1 -20 mm, 20,1-30,0,0 mm, 30.1-40.0 mm and above 60.0 mm); appearing of rainless periods. In examined 31-years from1972 to 2002 the averaged annual sum of falls in Puczniew amounted to 540.7 mm. From performed analysis we obtained none of years extremely dry and particularly humid: 2 years stayed ranked to dry, 27 - up to averages, 2 - to humid. Years 1983 and 1989 were dry, however year 1977 was humid and 2001 very humid. On average within one year it appeared about 3 rainless periods, appearing mostlyin summer year (59% of cases), and dominating droughts have lengths from 9 up to 17 days (90%). ...
Quality of water in Reservoir II in Siemiatycze and its tributaries have been monitored before and after bathing season 2011. State of water quality appeared to be poor and insufficient to fit bathing and irrigation requirements. Two inflows: Kamianka River and Mahomet River are the important source of reservoir pollution (e.g. organics, total nitrogen, nitrates, total phosphorus). Kamianka River receives wastewater from municipal treatment plant and Mahomet River collects runoff from cultivated land. Biogens incoming with the inflows result in annually cyjanophyta bloom in the Reservoir II and depreciation its utilitarian value. At the actual state of wastewater management and agricultural practices in the catchment area, Reservoir II can be use only for retention or fire protection purpose. ...
The aim of the paper is to evaluate the usefulness of opoka rock and reactive material made of it to remove phosphorous from surface water and wastewater. Presented results concern the effects of calcium (Ca) contamination in the reactive material (heated opoka) and it impacts on the value of the maximum sorption capacity Smax. Six batches of material (O1-O6) which come from deposits located in Belzec (south-east part of Poland) is characterized by variable amounts of Ca, which is 238,6-520,1 g∙kg-1. The maximum sorption capacity Smax estimated by Langmuir isotherm model equals 12,3-25,5 mg P-PO4 g-1∙kg. To assess the relationship between the content of Ca, Fe Al and Mg in composition of the reactive material and its ability to retain phosphorus correlation coefficients was used and showed that calcium (Ca) is associated with phosphorus sorption capacity (r=0.99126). Also, Fe2O3 and Al2O3 content have an impact on the ability to bind phosphorous. In contrary, the contamination of MgO has no significant effect on the value of Smax.
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In the cities, the temperature may be a few or even several degrees higher than the surrounding area. The result is called" urban heat island effect" which is due to heating of the surface of concrete, asphalt and steel. One of the solutions that can help reduce this phenomenon are green roofs. The aim of the study was the analysis of temperature changes of different roof surfaces (board, intensive roof substrate without plant cover, substrate covered with plants (shrubs - tawuły). The study was conducted on the roof of the building of the Faculty of Modern Languages, University of Warsaw. The measurement was performed using the FLIR SC620 thermal imaging system. The study showed that the smallest differences in average temperature between the surface covered with vegetation and a terrace amounted to 1,9oC (in the morning), while the largest reached 16 °C. The measurements made on the substrate without plants showed that the average radiation temperature is between the average temperatures from the terrace and shrubs. The results were discussed with the meteorological data (air temperature, wind speed). ...
Soilless cultivation of tomatoes in the greenhouse is a source of waste in form of mineral wool polyethylene. Utilisation of mineral wool waste originating from horticulture is still unresolved and rises a lot of controversy The aim of the study is to evaluate the possibility of using mineral wool waste in the construction of a green roof. To find the answer, physical properties, i.e. water absorption, water capacity and leachability were assessed for fresh mat and mineral wool waste. Preliminary assessment of pollutants leaching from mineral wool waste was also performed. It was found that the physical properties of the used mats are different from those of the input material. The content of phosphorus in leachate from used mineral wool derived from greenhouse cultivation excludes its use as a material for green roofs construction, if the runoff is discharged into water bodies. ...
One of the main problems of urbanization is the continuous growth of sealed surfaces. Impermeable surfaces i.e. roofs, roads or pavements have dominated land cover, increasing surface runoff and limiting groundwater runoff, often contributing to increased flood risk. The practice of many countries has shown that green roofs are one of the solutions to the problem of rainwaters on the urban areas. The aim of the study was to assess the retention ability of three green roofs of extensive type with different substrate composition (two mineral-organic mixtures, one mineral mixture). The research was carried out at the Water Centre of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences in Warsaw (Ursynów district) in the period from June to November in 2016. The obtained results were compared with observation of the reference model - bituminous roof. Model studies have shown that green roofs retained water in the range from 9.5 mm to 67.1 mm. The average runoff coefficients for green roof types in the period from June to November in 2016 were from 0.31 to 0.33. The obtained results showed slight differences in outflows with different substrates. During high rainfall, the differences in the runoff between the green roofs and the reference roof ...
