The individual water intakes are an important source of water supply for human consumption in Polish rural areas. The wells are often not covered by research in range of water suitability for human consumption, therefore, a significant number of rural inhabitants use water of unknown parameters, physico-chemical and biological likely to contain contaminants harmful to humans.The main goal of this research has been determination of changes in concentrations of phosphorus compounds in water from wells located in the village Przeździedza. The research has covered the period from March 2009 until February 2010. The six wells constructed of concrete rings or from a stone has been analyzed. The following parameters has been determined: phosphate. The results of this research indicate that, poorly protected wells are characterized by worse water quality. The results confirm the fact that, poorly protected wells are characterized by a poorer quality of water. However, the average concentration of phosphate in all wells was very low, and each of them corresponded to the obligatory standards in Poland.
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Proper wastewater management in rural areas is a difficult issue, especially that we can still see a disparity between the level of water service coverage and canalization of municipalities. The length of sewerage network increases every year, which indicates that municipalities are taking actions to improve sanitary condition. According to the National Program for Municipal Wastewater [Krajowy Program Oczyszczania Ścieków Komunalnych 2010], if the construction of sewage system is not justified, the municipality should solve the problem of waste disposal on their own. The paper presents the basic object at household sewage treatment plant - the septic tank. The septic tank is responsible primarily for the mechanical treatment of wastewater from the solids and for the initial stabilization (anaerobic) sediments. The authors paid attention to the quality of wastewater supplied to the tanks as well as wastewater delivered to the next steps of purification. The article, except study of literature includes results of several year of observations concerning parameters of wastewater after mechanical purification. According to the literature, the effectiveness of the operation is at the level of 40-94% for the suspension, 23,3-66,0% for BOD5. The lowest reduction was observed for compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus. ...
The paper presents results of research concerning changes in total phos-phorus concentrations from outflow from following beds of constructed wetland in Paszkow. There was analyzed domestic wastewater which was supplied to the four beds made as constructed wetland. The beds were designed with horizontal subsurface flow in a mixed config-uration (serial - parallel). The evaluation assessed the composition of domestic wastewater supplied to the beds and as well as physico-chemical composition of the outflows. The research was conducted during July 2008 - March 2011. It was found that the average treatment efficiency for total phosphorus was at 40,0 %, with the highest annual treatment effects were observed for bed no.1. The average concentration of total phosphorus in the effluent discharged to the receiver was 4,4 mgPdm-3. Due to requirements to be met by the outflows form wastewater treatment plants for P.E < 2000, the wastewater treatment plant meets the conditions only for values of BOD5 and COD. In the case of the suspension exceeded to the limit values were observed during whole research period.
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The paper presents the results of the survey of the daily load of total nitrogen outflowed with drainage system and ditches in Lower Silesia. The volume of daily load shows large seasonal variation. The maximum daily loads were found in object located in the submontane area. These loads amounted for the drainage systems 6,27 kg N d-1 ha-1 and for the ditches were noted until 12,2 kg N d-1 ha-1. Significantly lower values were found in the lowland object. In lowland area, risk of polluting the receiver with total nitrogen effluents from agricultural areas, occurs mainly during early spring. At the object located in the submontane area, which is characterized by greater rainfall, there is a second critical period attributable to the July and August. Load of nitrogen outflowed from submontane catchment during the year was 75,5 kg N ha-1, while from lowland's catchment outflowed much less nitrogen - 12,7 kg N ha-1. Con-ducted research and analysis clearly show, that the size of nitrogen load outflowed from catchment is determined, to a large extent, the course of weather conditions, particularly amount of rainfall. ...
The paper attempts to evaluate effectiveness of treatment of wastewater in sewage treatment plant in Paczków which is used in hydroponic technology. In order to determine the efficiency of wastewater treatment for the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended solids, BOD5 and COD, results of analyses of wastewater collected at the inlet of the treatment plant and at the outlet of the object were analyzed. Research period covered the years 2009 to 2011. Analysis of the data showed that the purification efficiency related to all parameters did not drop below 77.0%. The biggest effectiveness of sewage treatment was observed for total suspended solids (99.0%) for BOD and phosphorus it was at least 98.0% and 98.1%, and for COD - 94.8%. The lowest efficacy of treatment (but not less than 77.0%) was found for total nitrogen, which allowed concentration in sewage at the outlet from wastewater treatment plant has been exceeded several times during the study period. Based on the results of analyzes and literature studies was found that the hydroponic block which is tertiary step of urban wastewater treatment allows for considerable reduction of values of individual pollutants in discharged wastewater to make it possible to reach at the outlet ...
This paper presents the average consumption of cold water in households located in the town of Gorlice (southern Poland) on a monthly basis and daily distribution of water consumption in households located in the Ząbkowice Śląskie (Lower Silesia). Households included in the analysis of water use were placed in single-family houses with attic. All the buildings were objects that were built low (about 12 meters above ground level) with a V class of water supply installations. For each building average daily water consumption was determined which ranged in the range of 0.11 - 0.18 m3 M-1 d-1. The highest average daily water consumption was observed in the building located in the Ząbkowice Śląskie. ...
In this paper soil-climatical conditions in selected localities in Namysłów commune has been analyzed. The soil and climate conditions has been analyzed with regard to agricultural utilization of wastewater for energy plants irrigation. Using available literature the possibility of wastewater management coming from villages: Brzozowiec, Mikowice, Ligota Ksiażecą, Przeczów was indicated. In the paper there were presented the proposed solution benefits and attention was paid to the existing technical infrastructure and its possible expansion. ...
In paper analyzed the results of research concerning nitrate and total ni-trogen content in drainage effluents as well as surface water coming from facilities located in Lower Silesia area. Detailed analysis were made for participation of nitrate nitrogen in total nitrogen amount. Drainage effluents were characterized by significant content of total nitrogen: average concentration in research period amounted from 22,4 mg N dm3 to 36,9 mg N dm3. In drainage effluents, derived from different drainage section, relation N-NO3:N didn't show significant differences and was in the range 75-88%, despite the fact that this water differed significantly of total and nitrate nitrogen content. The increase of average concen-tration of total nitrogen in surface water for both research objects was cause by outflowing drainage effluents that were reached in nitrogen compounds. In drain-age water in summer period showed smaller relation N-NO3:N, what should be explain by intensive absorbing this ion by plants in vegetation period. Regardless of the analyzed period, there was found higher proportion of nitrate in water below research object. Only in case of lowland object these differences were significant for significant level p=0,05. The more fluctuation of relation N-NO3 conducive smaller participation of nitrate nitrogen in total ...
The paper presents the possibilities of growing energetistic plants and its ecological and economic effects anticipated. Emphasized is the potential contained in infrastructure of Polish countryside, i.e. unutilized farm buildings, areas out of agricul¬tural production, unma-naged side-crops and free manpower. Listed are plants to be designed for energetistic purpos-es and and ways of their utilization. Potential advantages of using liquid wastes for irrigation of the energetistic plants, as well as impediments involved, have been pointed to. The ways of the countryside deve¬lopment described call for engagement of local self-government communities and adequate financial means ...
The main aims of the paper are legal requirements demanding to construction and operation of domestic treatment plants. The publication consists of two parts. In the first part of article the definition and basic types of wastewater treatment plants and its effectiveness are described. In the paper, cases in which real properties can be equipped with domestic wastewater treatment plant for example: lack of sewage system and restrictions arising under the local legislation are presented. Cases, where construction of domestic wastewater treatment plant requires a building permit and/or water permit (including requirements for project) and other permits under the special provisions, were specified. In the second part of article (Jawecki et. al. 2016) limitation the location of domestic wastewater treatment plant under the local law were presented. Technical requirements that should be met by locating domestic wastewater treatment plant in real property area was presented. The standards of treated wastewater quality, discharged into water or soil was described. Cases in which operating application of domestic wastewater treatment plant to the mayor is required, were listed. ...
Results of air temperature measurements in the 1957-2014 multi-annual period were analysed in the paper. The data originated from Jelcz-Laskowice locality situated in the south-western part of Poland, at the flat part of the Lower Silesia, on Silesian Lowlands. Average annual and monthly air temperatures and the number of days of thermal seasons duration were analysed. Trends of changes were set and extreme values of average monthly air temperatures were analysed. Mean annual air temperatures in the studied multi-annual period revealed a tendency to increase. Average monthly extreme values of the analysed factor revealed a similar direction of changes; however, more apparent changes occurred for the maximum values. Over the analysed period, average monthly air temperatures revealed a tendency to increase. The most serious changes occurred in July, slightly lesser in August, May and April. The number of days in the years 1957-2014 in the interval limited by the air temperature threshold values: 0oC, 5oC and 15oC was greatly diversified. Analysed results had a clear growing tendency for the summer, slightly lower for the spring, but evidently declining for the autumn. ...
