The experiment was carried out on fine uniform sand and fine uniform humus sand. Soil samples were collected from the surface of forest dirt roads located in the Noteć Primeval Forest. Portland cement and multi-component Portland cement were used for stabilization. Cement-soil mixtures were prepared with four doses (3, 6, 9, 12%) of both cements. Samples for strength tests were stored under conditions of optimum humidity, water saturation, freezing and thawing. Testing results were compared to strength criteria for road surfaces according to Polish Standard PN-S- 96012, 1997. Generally it was found that both soils, especially humus sand, are difficult to stabilize with cements. Portland cement exhibited 2-times better stabilization effects in comparison to multi-component cement. Mixes showed high water resistance and low freeze resistance. For the lower layer of reinforced subgrade compression strength criteria were met by fine humus sand with a 9% addition of Portland cement and fine sand with a 9% addition of multicomponent cement. For the upper layer of reinforced subgrade strength criteria were met only by the mixture of fine sand with a 12% addition of Portland cement. Further tests are required using larger doses of Portland cement and after testing of grain size upgrading ...
Forest communication network consists mainly of dirt roads. Acute technical problems with forest roads occur especially for these dirt road which are constructed on cohesive topsoil. Lignite fly-ash may be utilized for successful stabilization of cohesive topsoil dirt roads. Under heavy loads the pavements stabilized with fly-ash often perform unsatisfactorily and as a result failures are noted. The aim of research described in this paper was to develop technical solution for reconstruction of road pavements constructed with admixture of fly-ash and fly-ashslug respectively. Bearing strength variability of fly-ash-soil and fly-ash-slag-soil mixes after failure were considered The mixes crushed then re-compacted with addition of stabilizer as influenced by period and conditions of setting were tested. The stabilizers utilized for the test were both active fly-ash of lignite group IIIC acquired from Konin mining region and coke blast furnace slag. Two kinds of mixtures were tested. These were sandy clay mixed with addition of 14 % lignite fly-ash and the mixture of 10 % lignite fly-ash and 10% furnace slag respectively. The samples were crashed and re-compacted after 14 and 42-day period of curing in optimal and air-dump conditions. After sample curing bulk modules were measured with the utilization of VSS press. ...
Forest communication network consists mainly of dirt roads. Technical problems with forest roads transport occur especially for these dirt roads which are constructed on cohesive topsoil. Lignite fly-ash may be utilized for successful stabilization of cohesive topsoil dirt roads. The pavements stabilized with fly-ash often perform unsatisfactorily under heavy loads and failures are noted as a result. The research described in this paper aimed at developing technical solution for reconstruction of road pavements constructed with admixture of fly-ash and fly-ashslug respectively. Bearing strength variability of fly-ash-soil and fly-ash-slag-soil mixes after failure and application of repair method were considered. Crushed then re-compacted with addition of stabilizer soil mixes as influenced by period and conditions of binding were tested. The stabilizers utilized for testing were both active fly-ash of lignite group IIIC and coke blast furnace slag. Two varieties of mixes were tested. These varieties were sandy clay mixed with addition of 14 % lignite fly-ash and the mixture of 10 % lignite fly-ash and 10% furnace slag respectively. The samples were crashed and re-compacted after 14- and 42-day period of curing in optimal and air-dump conditions. After sample curing deformation modules were measured with the utilization of VSS press. The deformation ...
This paper presented the wolf return observation results in the Bydgoszcz Forest carried out in the years 1999-2009. The analysis conducted relate to among others the abundance of wolf population and its mortality; changes in the abundance of species forming the underlying basis of food for this predator, i.e. deer, roe deer and wild boar. These data were analyzed in conjunction with the annual plans of the hunting association. Study was complemented by pilot survey on the views of foresters and hunters in the phenomenon of re-population of Bydgoszcz Forest by wolves. The results showed that wolves have returned to Bydgoszcz in autumn 2004. and successfully adapted to the conditions prevailing there. At present, the forest exists at least one sounder of 7-9 individuals, which in summer is divided into several smaller ones. Predators probably reached the Bydgoszcz Forest from Bialowieza Primeval Forest by the north-central corridor. Results of 10 years of observation suggest that the appearance of the wolf did not affect the abundance of large herbivores inhabiting here. In recent years there has even increased the number of red deer, roe deer and wild boar. This phenomenon is explained by the introduction of more accurate method of conducting ...
Fires are the major threats to forest ecosystems. In the years 1990-2008 a total of 168.2 thousand forest fires were recorded in Poland over a total area of 170.3 thousand ha. Only in 2008 a total of 7850 forest fires broke out and 2514 ha stands burned down. In the same year in forested areas administered by the State Forests National Forest Holding there were 3306 fires, covering the area of 663 ha. This amounts to 42% in terms of the number and 26% in terms of the af-flicted area of the total number of forest fires in Poland. The forest hazard for for-est complexes forces the entities managing them to undertake actions required by the Polish regulations, consisting in e.g. the establishment and maintenance of an adequately dense network of roads, referred to fire roads. They are an important component of the forest fire hazard monitoring system as well as have a consider-able effect on the efficiency, effectiveness and safety of the conducted fire-fighting activities. This study analyzed the technical condition of almost 50 kilometers of roads considered to be fire access roads in a state forest division in southern Po-land. As a result of the conducted survey it ...
The aim of the present work is a description of a multi-year complex field research (hydrological, chemical and geotechnical) carried out in the area of the "Lasy Rychtalskie" Forest Promotion Complex "Lasy Rychtalskie". The work focused on characterizing the present state, forecasting future changes, as well as indicating the stability threats which the areas face. Forest promotion complexes are functional areas of a particular ecological, educational and social significance. The Lasy Rychtalskie Complex is situated within the grounds of the Syców Forest Inspectorate and its name is taken from the section called Rychtal. The area of the forests is famous for its Pinus sylvestris L ecotype, as well as unique genetic values, confirmed by scientific research. The field investigations were carried out on the marshlands of the forests in focus. Three experimental plots, microcatchments and 6 transects transverse to the forests roads, situated either within the area of the catchments or in their close neighbourhood, were selected for the detailed research. The selected catchments are situated on the marshlands. 51 groundwater measurement wells, alongside with 3 Thomson overflows situated on watercourses were installed on the experimental plots. Soil samples were collected from all drillings for standard laboratory tests of mechanical, ...
The aim of the paper is to illustrate the results of the long-term research performed on swamp areas of the Forest Promotional Complex (FPC) “Lasy Rychtalskie”. The research project comprehended hydrological, chemical and geotechnical field studies performed on forest swamp areas to assess current state conditions of forest management and forest ecosystems, predict changes and identify the threats to ecosystem stability. The Forest Promotion Complexes are a functional areas in peculiarities about to ecological meaning, educational and social. The own name FPC “Lasy Rychtalskie” is accepted from a situated forests on precinct Rychtal of Forest Inspectorate Syców. This forests of precinct are celebrated from ekotype ordinary pine, about unrepeatable genetic values, confirmed in scientific investigations. The study covered forest swamp areas of the FPC “Lasy Rychtalskie”. To detailed investigations are selected three experimental areas, microcatchments and 6 transects transverse to forest roads situated or in frames above mentioned areas or in their immediate nearness. Chosen microcatchments are situated, that lie in wholes on marshland areas. On experimental areas are installed 51 of wells to measurements of ground water levels and 3 Thomson overflows on rivers. From all of bore-holes were received samples of soils to standard researches in laboratory – ...
Natural and anthropological climate changes are due to reason why unfavorable water resources are changed. The Forest Promotion Complexes are a functional areas in peculiarities about to ecological meaning, educational and social. The area of the FPC Lasy Rychtalskie have high retention potential. Surface outflow is relatively low ca 4% of annual precipitation and occurs in the winter half-year extending into May. The prognosis of groundwater level changes expressed by groundwater level dynamics was created on the basis of negative annual rainfall trend. The projection was calculated on assumption that significant changes in forest swamp ecosystems would occur provided that average groundwater depth level decrease by 50% of the actual groundwater level depth. The reduction of groundwater level depth as the outcome of this scenario can be expected in 100-year period. Pragmatic action to be taken should prevent from the outflow of the water from the areas. The earlier carried earlier out chemical tests did not reveal any excessive accumulation of chemical pollutants in soils, as well as surface and groundwater. ...
The Promotion Forest Complexes are a functional areas in peculiarities about to ecological meaning, educational and social. The own name Promotion Forest Complex (PFC) Rychtalskie Forest is accepted from a situated forests on precinct Rychtal of Forest Inspectorate Syców. This forests of precinct are celebrated from ekotype ordinary pine, about unrepeatable genetic values, confirmed in scientific investigations. Total area of the PFC Rychtalskie Forest carries out 47 992 ha, in this Forest Inspectorate Antonin 19915 hahectare, Forest Inspectorate Syców 22 140 ha, and Forest Experimental Institution Experimental Siemianice 5938 ha. Generally, on the PFC Rychtalskie Forest area are: 57% coniferous forest, 37.5% broadleaved forest and 5.5% upland forest. In Forest Inspectorate Antonin greatest area occupies fresh coniferous forest. In Forest Inspectorates Syców and Siemianice dominates habitats of fresh mixed coniferous. On all area least participation has flooded forest. Defined, that under notion marshlands were described forest areas, forest ekosystems forest in excess wet, to which belongs initially these grounds, that are in forest descriptions classified as: Bb, BMB, LMB, Ol, OlJ and Lł (Polish standard). To detailed investigations are selected three experimental areas, microcatchments and 6 transects transverse to forest roads situated or in frames above mentioned areas or ...
