The paper describes geometric internal granulometric structure of lowland river bed forms called sand river dunes. Dunes are typical features associated with sand river bed and studies of processes connected with their formation are essential in understanding fluvial processes within the catchment. Also the knowledge of sedimentary structure and morphology of dunes are important for geologists and paleogeologists to interpret how sedimentary rocks were deposited. Also, in the time of changes of global and local climates, frequent changes of water regime in river could be noted when the development or not-development of river bed-forms can have an important influence on quantity of sediment moving in rivers and water reservoirs built on such rivers. The work was set up on the Rhine River in Germany close to Niderwalluf. The research conducted on the Rhine River involved many of research equipment and river vessels is very rare and unique in the world as far as fieldwork is concerned. Within a paper it is show, that the Rhine River Dunes do not reach the height H which would be expected by the water depth which is responsible for their formation. There could be a couple of reasons for such situation. One of those ...
At the present, in modern river training practices and philosophy one can notice coming more into use ecological friendly hydraulic structures. Those, which are especially needed for river training works, as far as expectation of Water Framework Directive is concerned, are rapid hydraulic structures (RHS). What is important, RHS in general do not stop fish and invertebrates against migrating upstream, provide natural and esthetical effects within the river channel, still working as hydraulic engineering structures. Along this paper we described and measured some hydraulic parameters within the reach of chosen rapid hydraulic structures, which we found in the field. The main aim of the research was to describe changes of values of those parame-ters upstream and downstream of the RHS's and to find out their influence on hy-drodynamics of the stream. The study was undertaken on the Porębianka Stream in the Gorce Mountains.Observed hydrodynamic parameters within the reach of the RHS's depend on the location of measuring point and the influence of individual part of the structure. At the same time maximum velocity does not always create the bigger shear force, because it is also depend on the velocity distribution along the hydro-logical profile. ...
Along the paper, the research on chosen hydrodynamic parameters in braided river was described. The research was conducted within the reach of the Ochotnica River in the Gorce Mountains - Polish Carpathians. The research reach was located in the place where two bars in the river were created. In 2003 and 2004 measurements were done in 7 series. Values of flow velocities were measured in the river reach and then shear stresses, dynamic velocities, Reynolds and Froude numbers and Shields parameters were calculated. Analysis of hydro-dynamics parameters allowed to check the hydrodynamic conditions in the river channel. The results show that in the Ochotnica River natural braiding processes are taking place despite of anthropological pressure on the river. ...
The paper shows a rebuilding example of drop hydraulic structure which was changed into the block ramp hydraulic structure. Artificial roughness of a slope plate of the block ramp was reached by placing cobbles along the chute slope. The dimension of cobbles was calculated applying different methods and the optimum value for that dimension was chosen. Also the diagram of Radecki-Pawlik et al. 2015 was used. Finally we are showing the distribution of velocities and shear stresses upstream of the block ramp for exploitation and river channel bed protection reason to give the information on the possible erosion process there and seek some suggestions for river bed protections. The work was carried on in Polish Carpathians on the Brennica River. ...
The paper presents results of hydraulic modelling of block ramps (BR) made of natural stones (seven constructional solutions) and compares them with the results of classical research by Peterka. The main aim of the paper is to provide a simplified solution to determining the dimension of stones fixed to the sloping apron of the BR in order to reduce energy of flowing water along the ramp. This new way of assessing the dimensions of stones along BR sloping apron is presented with proposals on how to calculate stone dimension. The paper is dedicated to hydraulics engineers, scientists, designers, practitioners and also to researchers in the field of low-head hydraulic structures. ...
The subject of river sediment transport has been studied from centuries - by river engineers as well as geographers, geologists, river morphologists and fluvial geomorphologists. Up to now there are no well known complex methods and/or approaches with help of which one can determine the intensity of sediment transport. However, even the approximate knowledge of the quantity of sediment transport is important, especially when dealing with sedimentation of river deltas, and lakes, designing artificial water reservoirs and planning any river engineering works or designing hydraulic structures. The appropriate assessment of the intensity of sediment transport has the direct influence on an adequate functioning of any hydraulics structure or object, with the help of which the negative influence of sediment transport is eliminated (erosion, channel cutting, filling-up river and water reservoir water intakes). One has to bear in mind that all phenomena connected with sediment transport are very complicated and complex and belong to the most poorly recognized in river hydraulics, thus the best way to understand them is to do measurements directly in the field. This is especially recommended for mountainous streams and rivers. However, in practice, when we suffer the lack of huge financial support (since all river measurements ...
The paper presents the effects of applied river engineering works and its influence on the changes of chosen hydraulics parameters along a reach of the mountainous stream. It was done by presenting the regime of the stream before and after river engineering works. The key parameters used for the hydraulics analysis were: stream velocity, shear stresses, stream power and finally the unit stream power. The research area was located in Polish Carpathians in the Beskid Sredni Mountains. The research stream is called the Cedron and the research reach is located close to Radziszow municipality around 30 kilometers from Krakow. The research was carried out in 2003 (before the river engineering works, after the major flooding in the region) and in 2004 after finishing river training works, which were mostly targeted to stop the bottom of the river and its banks from erosion. To carry on the research 6 cross sections were chosen where detailed velocities of running water were measured in the velocity profiles. Later the rest of analyzed hydraulics parameters such as stream power and shear stresses were calculated. The results were presented in graphical manner (fig. 1-4) and analyzed. In final conclusions it was pointed out, that all ...
The aim of this study is the examination of the effect of condition texture, substrate type and stream flows on the colonization of stream invertebrates, resulting in community structure and their abundance within the bar. The researcher carried out in the 8 meter - long section of the Jalowiecki stream, behind the bar after obstacle (Pic. 1). Within the bar 7 measurements points were located: 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C and 3. The research section of the stream was divided into tree transects: initial, middle and final. In each transect measurement points were located. In the points mentioned above biological samples were taken and granulometric measurements were done (measurements of water depth, flow rate and stone size). During the research also chemical measures were taken. The macroinvertebrate samples were taken 5 times a year: November 1999, April 2000, June 2000, August 2000 and October 2000. Granulometric measurements were done only once in June 2000. Rivers are dynamic physical, chemical and biological entities. The article describes research on settlement of benthic macroinvertebrates. The community structure of benthos was studied in the bar of the Jałowiecki stream in the Makowski Beskid Mountains.Basing on geomorphologic (granulometric) and hydrologic measurements in research points ...
In natural rivers, bed forms built of sandy and gravel-sandy fractions may be formed on the river bed at some determined hydraulic conditions. Depending on the type of the flow they can be two- or three-dimensional forms (2D, 3D) and they can have straight or curved crestlines (dunes: barkanous, sinusous, lunate, linguoid or catenary). Any bed form can exist individually (for example isolated dunes), but mostly they occur as accumulated single forms. These forms are placed parallel or transverse to the flow. Moreover, they can be arrangement across the flow. The subject the bed forms arising was involving and still is many scientists from abroad and from Poland and the main topic of investigations. Most of the paper covers the issue of sandy bed forms (in the form of ripples and dunes) which one shaping bottom of the lowland rivers [Młynarczyk (1998), Dąbkowski (1989)] and bed forms which observed on the submarine bottom [Pruszak 1998]. So far, there have been only a few publication in the world concerning existing sandy-gravel and typical gravel dunes [Carling at al. 2000, 2005]. This paper presents results of the hydraulic parameters calculations above gravel curved crestline dunes along the estuary part of the Raba ...
At the present time once can easily noticed very lively discussion about introducing modern, ecological friendly hydraulic structures in river training works which are suppose to stay up to the standards given by hydrobiologists, ecologists as well as fluvial geomorphologists. One of the proposals of such structures is a rapid hydraulic structure (RHS) with increased roughness. Along the presented paper such structure is presented. It was constructed within the river channel of the Sanoczek Stream in the Bieszczady Mountains, a part of Polish Carpathians. One of the main problems connected with changes of stability of hydraulic structures (in that case also with RHS) is velocity of running water causing huge turbulence and shear stresses. Thus, the objective of the following paper is to present the distribution of velocities values along the RHS and within the region of its influence. The main aim of the research was to describe conditions upstream and downstream of the structure and compare them in terms of stability of the RHS. Parallel with the main aim, the distribution of shear stresses as well as shear velocities along the RHS apron and the region within its influence are also presented. The work was conducted in Agricultural University ...
The work describes the research on the settlement of the benthic macro invertebrates within different morphological conditions of the mountain stream channel. Along the paper the community structure of benthos was investigated within the point bars area of the Jałowiecki stream in the Makowski Beskid Mountains. To describe the habitat structure, influenced by varied granulometric and hydrologic conditions the research points of the different habitats types of benthic invertebrate were selected. Type 1; located on the top of riffles, type 2; located close To the proximal part of the bar, type 3; located on the opposite river bank within the area of the point bars and type 4; located in the shadow of mega clusters. ...
The aim of the following paper was to present the level of the chosen trace elements such as: Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn which were deposited within the bottom sediments in the region of hydraulic structures. Special attention was put to sediments trapped in the pools of check-dams and small channel bars found along the channelized parts of the mountain streams. The research was conducted on three Polish Carpathian streams: the lłynne stream, the Kudowski, and the Lubanski stream – all in the Gorce Mountains. All of the investigated streams are partly channalized and partly are in natural conditions. The contamination was stated in sediments of the Mlynne Stream in case of Ni, Cu and Cr. The sample were collected upstream the barrage (Ni and Cu) and ad the barrage Cr. The plant covers were determinated mainly by hydraulic structures. In case of vegetation the biggest anthropopression was stated in upstream of barrage sections located on the Mlynne and Kudowski Streams. ...
Over a few past decades, some sections of the fifth-order, mountain Czarny Dunajec River, southern Poland, have been considerably modified by channelization or channel incision induced by gravel extraction. As a result, the contemporary river represents a variety of morphologies ranging from single-thread, incised or regulated channel to unmanaged, multi-thread channel. For twelve crosssections with 1 to 4 flow threads, hydromorphological river quality was assessed by four surveyors from the fields of fluvial geomorphology, river engineering and hydrobiology and compared with the abundance and diversity of fish fauna determined by electrofishing. Moreover, the variation in depth, velocity and bed material size was determined for each cross-section on the basis of measurements made at 1 m intervals. Average values of hydromorphological quality for the surveyed cross-sections ranged between 1.08 and 3.96, with the cross-sections with heavily island-braided morphology classified as representing high status (reference) conditions and those located in channelized river sections falling into Class 4. The increase in the number of low-flow channels within a cross-section was associated with increasing variation in depth, velocity and bed material size. Single-thread cross-sections hosted only 2 fish species and 13 specimens caught on average, whereas 3-4 species and 82 specimens on average were ...
Changes in ground beetles assemblage structure in relation to bankfull discharge in mountain stream have been tested. The research was performed in one of the Polish Carpathian streams in the Gorce Mountains region: the Ochotnica Stream. As the index of determination of bankfull volume the size of terrestrial invertebrates (carabids) was advocated which were present in the investigated research cross-section and were resistant to specific water discharge conditions. Redundancy analysis shoved that only variation of community biomass depended on frequency of changing water discharge. Distribution of mean abundance in body length classes is unimodal for upper benches meanwhile on the lowest bench abundance decreased linearly. This parameter can be used in practice as a good indicator of bankfull discharge on mountain streams. The need of fluvial processes in conservation approach for riverine communities is discussed. ...
The Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC), implemented in Poland, obliges to improve rivers ecological state. A change of fluvial system management methods, consisting in reduction of technical means usage at channel maintenance, is necessary. The channels of mountain rivers and streams are especially interference-sensitive. Wrong river training works in these channels lead in the short time to drastic changes along them. The consequences of these changes are not only environmental, but also economic. This study demonstrates the present state of knowledge about the reasons of Carpathian channel changes, channel response to individual interferences, and modern alternative solutions in the matter of channel management. A method of comprehensive geomorphologic investigations of mountain channels is also presented. According to the opinion of the authors these investigations should be carried out in order to better recognize functioning of these channels. The main purpose of the work is to show the results of some activities which seems to be wrong in present time. The necessity of interdisciplinary approach to fluvial system management is accented because determination of adequate works improving environmental conditions of rivers requires research of correlation between many environmental components. Therefore this work is addressed to representatives of different disciplines, mainly to civil ...
The paper presents measurement and calculation results of volume samples taken from the bedforms of the sand-gravel bed river in Polish Carpathians. As a sample method the “in situ” sample freezing method was applied. River channel geometry and changes in the morphology of the river bed were investigated using laser geodimeter. The procedures have been carried out on the Raba River downstream of its confluence with the Vistula River. The main research was conducted in spring and autumn 2006. To give a picture of the long term processes which have the influence on the changes of the river bed along the investigated reach for comparison some of the results from year 2005 are also presented. The basic information about research catchment, its location, gravel sampling methodology and characteristics of sand-gravel dunes are included. Development of riverbed forms as a mixture of sand and gravel according to their granulometric composition was detailed. The samples were analyzed considering the layered structure of the dunes and the results of statistical calculations are provided. Tables of granulometric parameters in metric and logarithmic scales are presented among other information such as: mean diameter, sorting index, sorting degree, coefficient of grains uniformity and non-uniformity, standard deviation, ...
The river channels exploitation leads directly and indirectly to they river training. The usual consequences of that is a dramatic change of river dynamics. Thus in the studies – especially field studies – which can show the better explanation of river forming channel and river processes are the key elements when one intends to talk about river renaturalization and river rehabilitation. In the following paper the results of investigations of morphological changes within the outlet of sand-gravel river are presented just after the bankfull. Also the granulomerty of the considered river channel material was taken into account. On the base of very detailed field survey done along a mouth unit part of the Raba River situated in front of Polish Carpathians, the authors provided the analysis of morphological and granulometric changes of the river bed and channel. Under the consideration the authors took river bed forms, ricer bed armoring and sub-pavement granulomentry as well as river geometry of the particular cross-sections. Work was done (and is continued) within the years 2005-2006 but only the data from 2005 year are presented here. It was fund that along the research channel many new so called riffle and pool sequences are present as ...
The paper presents the results of determinations and calculations of bankfull discharge Qb for two chosen mountainous gravel-bed rivers: the Raba River and the Kamienica River. Also within the paper described in details some main methods of determination and calculation bankfull Qb: the Williams, the Woodyer, the Wołoszyn, the Riley, the Pickup&Warner, the Wollman and the Warner, Schumm&Browna methods. On the basis of the analysis of obtained results of bankfull value using all applied methods it was pointed that to determine bankfull one does not have to hale the river gauging observations. The data which are enough to calculate/determine Qb could be collected in-situ just within the research cross-section where there is a need to find bankfull. Another words the river/stream where one plans the hydrotechnic investment or river training works does not to have be hydrologically controlled. At the same time, for the civil engineer designer bankfull value is very important in term showing the real value of the discharge which shapes the river cross section and is responsible for fluvial morphological changes (the dominant discharge). Finally it was pointed that bankfull is responsible for plants species location along the cross section of the river. Because of ...
The main aim of the work is to presents the results of examination of some basic granulometric and hydraulic parameters of the discharge within the region of the braided river bar formation. The research was concentrated on the investigation of the armoring layer of the braided bar in terms of the basic sedimentological parameters, and this way on understanding the forming process of this structure. At the same time hydrological measurements were carried out in the region of the bar and on the basis of these hydraulics calculations of hydrodynamics parameters were performed. For granulometric investigations the samples of the gravel forming the braided bar were collected in ten cross sections of the bar. On the basis of sieve analysis the grain size curves were prepared, so the main granulometric characteristics were described, as follows: Trask sorting coefficient, Hazen sorting coefficient, Knoroz grain parameter, Kollis domination parameter, Trask skewness coefficient and Folk mean deviation. The measurements of water velocities just over the river bed allowed calculating main hydraulics parameters, such as: shear velocity, shear stresses, Froude number, Reynolds number, flow resistance coefficient within the region of the braided middle gravel bar formation in the mountainous river. Hydrodynamics ...
The paper presents the results of investigations on changes of heavy metal contain within the deposits of the check dam water reservoir situated on the mountainous stream along the long term observations done between 1977-1981 and in 2002). The work was realized in the Kasinka Stream watershed in the Beskid Wyspowy in Polish Carpathians. The catchment area of the Kasinka Stream is 49,6 km2, the length of the Kasinka to the research cross section is 16,2 km, the precipitation is 914 mm, and the t-years floods within the check-dam cross section are as follows: Q10% = 32,0 m3 s-1, Q5% = 40 m3 s-1, Q2% = 52 m3 s-1, Q1% = 63 m3 s-1, Q0,5% = 73 m3 s-1 and Q0,1% = 99 m3 s-1. The Kasinka Stream is the 3rd order tributary of the Raba River which is the 2nd order tributary of the Vistula River. The Kasinka watershed is situated within the recreation areas of Krakow (the Raba Valley and Mszana municipality). The area is quite dense populated with many tourist areas. Also it is here where the road to Zakopane is nearby. All ...
The paper presents very important, both from practical and theoretical reasons, problem of forming the river bed-forms within the gravel-bed mountainous riverbed and the influence of those bed forms on the discharge value. In natural rivers, due to the complicated nature of the discharge and changes in the water level, the bed forms are quite complicated structures. Those forms are changing in length and height and when present they change hydraulics conditions of the discharge. They could be both 2-dimentional and 3-dimentional, situated in all pars of the cross section. Up to now there are only a few notes and papers about the gravel bed forms which can be found in rivers. Most of scientific papers focus on sand riverbed forms. The present paper shows and concentrates on the field measurements of gravel bed forms found in the estuarial part of the mountain river - the Raba River - in Polish Carpathians. Such research was carried out first time in Poland. The research focuses here mostly on geometrical parameters of these bed forms such as height, length, stoss and trough angle as well as granulometric characteristics of gravel built those forms. Basing on in-site measurements many different hydraulics ...
