Research was carried out in the Kamienica river catchment. This catchment is included into three mesoregions: upper part of the basin - in the Beskid Sądecki, central and lower part of the basin - in the Beskid Niski and the Kotlina Sądecka. Seven floods, which occurred in 1997-2010 in the upper part of the Kamienica catchment, were selected in order to verify the suitability of the NRCS method to calculate the direct runoff. The CN parameter value according to NRCS method was estimated based on the observed phenomena of rainfall-runoff. To follow the aim, the total runoff hydrograph was divided into two parts: groundwater (base) flow and direct runoff. The obtained results confirm the reports of other authors that the CN parameter estimated by empirical study is significantly higher than the theoretical value for normal conditions. Thus, it was concluded that during a drought period or, in a case of normal precipitation, watercourses are supplied by groundwater of the first aquifer. The conducted examinations showed, that in the case of mountain catchments, the use of baseflow as an index of ground moisture to calculate the CN parameter is legitimate. It seems that the degree of catchment moisture is better characterized ...
Two methods of assessment of the effectiveness of sewage treatment plant operationwere presented in the paper: first one – with the use of the reliability theory, and second one, with the use of the statistical quality control process by means of control charts. The analysis was carried out in a sewage treatment plant located in the village of Rokiciny Podhalańskie. The sewage treatment plant works in the A2/O system. The evaluation of effectiveness of the sewage treatment was made for the following pollutants: BOD, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. The analysis showed the proper work of the sewage treatment plant for BOD and total phosphorus. The calculated reliability level were 93,3% and more than 99,9%. For total nitrogen the reliability level was lower: more than 46% for empirical distribution and more than 37% for normal distribution. This was caused by the character of inflow sewage. The analysis of control chart showed the stable work in reducting organic pollutants, and in spring and summer period unstable work for ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus. Only once a disturb of process effectiveness of total nitrogen changes caused probably by inflow of storm water to the sewage system was observed. ...
Biological methods have always played an important role in sludge treatment technology. Biological treatment may be conducted in various ways, in many cases as activated sludge method. Currently the processes and factors affecting efficient elimination of pollutants from municipal wastes have been relatively well identified. On the other hand the situation is different for industrial sludges. Efficiency of industrial sludge treatment plant depends mainly on physicochemical properties of sludge inflowing from individual enterprises. The work aimed at identification of sugar industry waste composition in view of its susceptibility to the processes of biological treatment, mainly removal of nitrogen compounds. The subject research was conducted in a laboratory model of bioreactor composed of an anoxic chamber where the denitrification process was conducted and aerated tank with a built-in secondary settlement tank in which nitrification process was taking place. Analyzed were sugar-mill wastes supplied from a factory and sewage treated in the analyzed model. Conditions in both chambers of the model treatment plant were monitored during the investigations. Activity of the activated sludge and the course of nitrification and denitrification processes were determined using OUR, AUR and NUR tests. The analyses have revealed that sugar wastes composition is variable in time and ...
Numerous firms dealing with widely understood natural environment protection offer various solutions for domestic sewage treatment plants. While choosing the suitable variant of such installation, an investor is driven in the first place by economic factors, easy operation and high operational reliability. The article presents and assesses four domestic sewage treatment systems working on the basis of activated sludge technology, biofilter and combinations of these two methods, selected in view of the results they achieved. Because of the specific character of sewage produced in the areas with dispersed buildings, sewage treatment plant installations must prove highly reliable under variable operating conditions, they should be cheap to construct and utilize and not require complicated service. It seems that Sequencing Batch Rectors (SBR) treatment plants meet these requirements, as well as combined installations which join a classic activated sludge method and submerged or mobile biofilter systems. In case of SBR reactors, the whole process of sewage treatment occurs in a single tank where individual phases of the working cycle are controlled by computer. Regulation of supplied air quantity allows to modify the bioreactor work cycle in the way making possible additional reduction of biogenic compounds from sewage. Technical solutions which combine activated ...
Industrial effluents have currently constituted the main portion of a total volume of generated sewage, however a tendency to diminish their quantity has been observed. Treatment of specific sewage faces serious technological problems due to the special character of production in the manufacturing plants, which affects the irregularity and amount of pollutants. Considerable quantitative and qualitative variability of the generated sewage is perceivable even at the plants with the same profile of production. Therefore, it is necessary to identify precisely the properties of effluents produced not only by the same branches of industry but even by single factories. Considering the food sector enterprises, the least amount of literature data is available on physicochemical properties of effluents generated by confectionery industry. Therefore, the study aims to characterize the effluents produced by confectionery factories and compare them with the properties of sewage from other food manufacturing plants. The main emphasis was put on the analysis of the results of research on confectionery effluent treatment in a model bioreactor with activated sludge. The main characteristics of sewage generated by confectionery factories are considerable fluctuations of pollutant quantities, which is a frequent cause of observed operational problems with the treatment plant process line. Compared ...
The problem of reducing the negative impact of rainfall sewage on ground and water environment has been the subject of research and scientific papers for many years. It becomes more and more frequently an inherent part of planning and projects of sewer systems in the anthropologically transformed areas. Non-point sources of pollution are one of the main causes of water quality degradation. Traffic and washing out the sediments deposited in sewer pipes have the most serious influence on pollutant contents in rainfall runoffs. Therefore, characterization of pollutants in rainfall sewage is necessary for preparing plans of water management in urbanized catchments. The article aims at an assessment of the sedimentation process effect on reduction of pollutants from rainfall sewage. Sewage samples for analyses were collected from the roadside ditches at Pułłanki street in Kraków-Bieżanów in April 2003 and February 2004 during surface runoff observations. After 120 minutes of sedimentation, the following pollution indices were determined in the collected raw sewage samples: BOD5, CODCr and total suspended solids, sporadically phosphates, whereas after 15, 30 and 60 minutes of sedimentation only total suspended solids and CODCr were assessed. The analyses revealed the usefulness of sedimentation process for pollutant reduction from rainfall sewage. ...
The article contains results of an investigation about nitrogen compounds in water of fish ponds fertilized with biologically treated municipal sewage. The object was fish ponds of “Komorowice” complex, which are located in north part of Bielsko-Biała city. Two ponds were chosen to investigation: Green and Stone, which are characterized with an individual inflow and outflow of water and dif-ferent technical parameters. Green pond is a shallow pond with an average depth about 1m, its surface about 4,2 ha, and a water capacity – 42 000 m3. Instead Stone pond is characterized with a smaller surface – 3,3 ha and is almost two times deeper then Green pond, its average depth about 1,7m, which gives water capacity 59 200 m3. Researches were conducted in vegetative season in 2007. In paper were qualify changes of total, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate and Kjeldahl nitrogen concentration. During of whole investigative season were ob-served lower against to biologically treated sewage values of analyzed nitrogen form in water outflow of ponds. During that time were observed that occurrence changes in concentration of analyzed nitrogen compounds in pond’s water were related with changes of its concentration in sewage, which fertilized ponds. Addi-tionally, were calculate basic statistical parameters ...
One of educating activities aims is characteristic, grouping and classifi-cation of phenomena, objects and behaviors. Division of some group of objects, subjects or devices into subgroups plays very important role in standardization operations. A result of objective analysis of the tested set structure is the possi-bility to determine mutual relations between elements which create the set. This is particularly important in hydrology, especially in modeling of processes that oc-cur in catchments or drainage basins. Relations between catchments characteris-tics and hydrologic models’ parameters are extremely important in estimation of parameters of statistic distributions, evaluation of changes in catchments and prognosis of hydrological phenomena in uncontrolled catchments. The knowledge of the spatial distribution of hydrological characteristics is more and more often used in water management, especially during water management plans creation in the area of catchments or drainage basins. In order to estimate interesting hy-drological characteristics in uncontrolled catchments the method of regional fre-quency analysis is applied, which allows to allocate areas of homogenous type of the analyzed phenomenon. To allocate the homogenous areas methods of two or more variables regression, cluster analysis, kriging or artificial neural networks are applied, too. Grouping methods base on the internal division criterion, which is mathematic ...
The article contains results of an investigation on contents of oxygen de-mand in fish ponds water fertilized with biologically treated municipal sewage. Additionally, during collection of water samples there were also analyzed water reaction and pond’s water temperature. Researches were carry on in vegetative season in 2006. The object of research was fish pods of Komorowice complex, which are located in North part of Bielsko-Biała. The chosen ponds: Green and Stone are characterized with individual inflow and outflow of water. The chose ponds are characterized with different technical parameters. Green pond is shallow one – its average depth is about 1 m, with area of 4,2 ha, which give water capacity of pond 42 000 m3. In turn Stone pond have smaller area – 3,3 ha, but is almost two times deeper then Green; its average depth is about 1,7 m which also give greater water capacity of pond: 59 200 m3. In paper were qualified changes of oxygen demand, temperature and water reaction in pond’s water. Additionally, were qualified basic statistical parameters of analyzed indi-cators: an average, minimum, maximum value, standard deviation and interval. Analyses made in ponds showed, that in 2006 vegetative season contents of oxygen demand ...
Rural areas in view of specyfic bulding still does has inadeguate degree solve of sewage management. Great interwals beetwen buildings and offen bad conditions to build a sewage system are cause to popularized nonconventional methods of sewage treatment in this areas. This technologis shoud be high effective, reliability and chip. These solutions permit faster achieve desirable, good to environmental ecological effects than a sewage system and local sewage treatment. The most popular in our country are constructed wetland. This constructed characterize a high effective of reduction concentrate of organic pollutions, suspended and biogenic compound, and accumulate and minaralizate secondary sludge on account of biological treatment process. Temperature of sewage and process treatment in bed is a main factor, which significant influence on reduction pollutants in seminaturals technology of sewage treatment. In scientific literature is fault results on-site researchs of influence a winter condition on kinetic changes organic and biogenic pollutants and effectivenes reduction in this constructed. The aim of work is evaluation of influence off season vegetative on effectiveness reduction of concentrations organic and biogenic pollutants and total suspended in adjacent of sewage treatment use of reliability theory.Influence of season on reduction analized pollutants was defined by use a ...
The paper presents results of calibration and verification of one-dimension numerical model of the Wislok River from Besko reservoir to the estuary to the San River. In order to evaluate the quality of this model following coefficient were used: the correlation coefficient, special correlation coefficient, total square error and errors of culmination level, culmination flow, culmination dislocation and flood wave volume. Observations of water levels in the Wislok River are conducted on 5 river gauges. An 5 another gauges are located on the tributaries of the Wisłok River. The ve-rification and calibration process carried out on the waves in 1987 and 1998 al-lowed to confirm the correctness of the hydraulic model in the sector from the river gauge Besko to the Rzeszow river gauge. Between Rzeszow and Tryncza river gauges volumes of waves are not balanced which enforces the admittance in the hydrological model of negative values of a lateral inflow. The volume of 1987 flood wave in the node of the three river gauges in Wislok-San system indicates that the wave is balanced on the Tryncza stream gauge.The performed simulations of the flood wave transformation on the whole Wislok River for different computable scenarios, with usage of hydro-informatic software - ...
