The paper outlines problems of rural areas shaping in the EU against the background of permanent and sustainable development concept. The principles and several steps of common agricultural policy, structural and regional policies have been characterized. It has been stated that these policies are strictly bound with each other and they are subject to evolution. Agricultural policy bases on the price – income policy and structural policy stimulation, structural policy concerns the influence on production factors assisting changes in rural areas, and regional policy stimulates reorganization of agriculture, multifunctional development of rural areas and diminishing of negative differences between regions. The aim of these activities is the creation of value and economically sustainable position of rural areas, especially as an environment for living, working, recreation in natural conditions, as well as positive development of agricultural structures. In the last decades the UE gained intrinsic progress in the LFA reduction – which especially concerns the regions of Ireland and Portugal. Sustainable shaping of environment and rural land management is being implemented by the system of spatial planning, in the range of agricultural land management, village renewal and ecological – landscape planning. The concept of sustainable and permanent development, which finds its ...
The field investigations were carried out in a small forest catchment situated in the area of the Krajenskie Lakeland, in the Lipka Forest District, the Biskupice Forest Range. The catchment covers the area of 182ha; 95% is covered by forests and 5% by arable land and meadows. The field measurements comprised a continuous recording of the course water levels at the Thompson’s overflow and weekly measurements of groundwater levels in ten wells. Construction development was introduced on the area of the watercourse during the conducted research: six damming devices (installations) constant weirs-were constructed there. The sums of precipitation and indices of high water stages were calculated on the basis of direct measurements. Daily evapotranspiration was calculated according to Konstantinow method, and next its monthly and annual sums were calculated. Changes in storage levels were calculated on the basis of the groundwater levels measurements. The hydrological year 2004/2005 is an average one considering the annual atmospheric precipitation sum, as well as mean annual air temperature; the values are in the adequate intervals of 90–100% of the multi-annual mean values. The annual outflow coefficient from the catchment in focus equals to 0.330. It confirms the necessity of developing the discussed watercourse in ...
The field investigations were carried out in a small forest catchment situated in the area of the Krajeńskie Lakeland, in the Lipka Forest District, the Biskupice Forest Range. The catchment covers the area of 182 ha; 95% is covered by forests and 5% by arable land and meadows. Field measurements comprised continuous recording of water level at the Thompson's weir and weekly measurements of groundwater levels in ten wells. Construction development was introduced in the area of the watercourse during the conducted research: six damming devices (installations) constant weirs - were constructed there. The annual outflow coefficient from the catchment equals to 0.330. It confirms the necessity of developing the discussed watercourse in order to create the so-called small retention. However, no significant influence was found of the development on the water balance components of the catchment. The influence of the watercourse bank development can be clearly described by conducting an analysis of direct runoff. 14 recorded large floods were subject to analysis; 6 prior to the development and 8 following it. Each of the waves was described by applying Nash's conceptual model. A constant number of 2 reservoirs in a cascade was assumed. Means of time-constants for high water ...
