The Wielkopolski National Park is located in the mid-part of the Warta river basin, in central part of Wielkopolska region, near Poznań city. The area is placed in the western part of the Wielkopolska-Mazovian climatic region. The natural landscape is of glacial type of Pleistocene and Holocene formation. Scot pine (Pinus silvestris) is the dominant species but also Common oak (Quercus robur), Silver birch (Betula pendula), alder (Alnus glutinosa) and Red beech (Fagus silvatica) are present there. The predominant habitats are: fresh broadleaved forest, fresh mixed broadleaved forest and fresh nixed coniferous forest. In paper the original method of potential water storage coefficient estimated for The Wielkopolski National Park has been presented. The idea of the method is as follows – for each elementary area (a square cell of 0.5 km side) exclusive potential water storage coefficient is assigned. This coefficient focuses converging influence of 8 parameters: area slope, soil thickness, infiltration coefficient of soil, distance from watercourse network, distance from pond and lake network, dominant forest site, dominant species of species composition and class of tree stand age. The next step in the course of calculation is division of the variability range of 8 above-mentioned parameters into 3 classes ...
The field investigations were carried out in a small forest catchment situated in the area of the Krajenskie Lakeland, in the Lipka Forest District, the Biskupice Forest Range. The catchment covers the area of 182ha; 95% is covered by forests and 5% by arable land and meadows. The field measurements comprised a continuous recording of the course water levels at the Thompson’s overflow and weekly measurements of groundwater levels in ten wells. Construction development was introduced on the area of the watercourse during the conducted research: six damming devices (installations) constant weirs-were constructed there. The sums of precipitation and indices of high water stages were calculated on the basis of direct measurements. Daily evapotranspiration was calculated according to Konstantinow method, and next its monthly and annual sums were calculated. Changes in storage levels were calculated on the basis of the groundwater levels measurements. The hydrological year 2004/2005 is an average one considering the annual atmospheric precipitation sum, as well as mean annual air temperature; the values are in the adequate intervals of 90–100% of the multi-annual mean values. The annual outflow coefficient from the catchment in focus equals to 0.330. It confirms the necessity of developing the discussed watercourse in ...
The aim of the paper is to illustrate the results of the long-term research performed on swamp areas of the Forest Promotional Complex (FPC) “Lasy Rychtalskie”. The research project comprehended hydrological, chemical and geotechnical field studies performed on forest swamp areas to assess current state conditions of forest management and forest ecosystems, predict changes and identify the threats to ecosystem stability. The Forest Promotion Complexes are a functional areas in peculiarities about to ecological meaning, educational and social. The own name FPC “Lasy Rychtalskie” is accepted from a situated forests on precinct Rychtal of Forest Inspectorate Syców. This forests of precinct are celebrated from ekotype ordinary pine, about unrepeatable genetic values, confirmed in scientific investigations. The study covered forest swamp areas of the FPC “Lasy Rychtalskie”. To detailed investigations are selected three experimental areas, microcatchments and 6 transects transverse to forest roads situated or in frames above mentioned areas or in their immediate nearness. Chosen microcatchments are situated, that lie in wholes on marshland areas. On experimental areas are installed 51 of wells to measurements of ground water levels and 3 Thomson overflows on rivers. From all of bore-holes were received samples of soils to standard researches in laboratory – ...
The field investigations were carried out in a small forest catchment situated in the area of the Krajeńskie Lakeland, in the Lipka Forest District, the Biskupice Forest Range. The catchment covers the area of 182 ha; 95% is covered by forests and 5% by arable land and meadows. Field measurements comprised continuous recording of water level at the Thompson's weir and weekly measurements of groundwater levels in ten wells. Construction development was introduced in the area of the watercourse during the conducted research: six damming devices (installations) constant weirs - were constructed there. The annual outflow coefficient from the catchment equals to 0.330. It confirms the necessity of developing the discussed watercourse in order to create the so-called small retention. However, no significant influence was found of the development on the water balance components of the catchment. The influence of the watercourse bank development can be clearly described by conducting an analysis of direct runoff. 14 recorded large floods were subject to analysis; 6 prior to the development and 8 following it. Each of the waves was described by applying Nash's conceptual model. A constant number of 2 reservoirs in a cascade was assumed. Means of time-constants for high water ...
The aim of the present work is a description of a multi-year complex field research (hydrological, chemical and geotechnical) carried out in the area of the "Lasy Rychtalskie" Forest Promotion Complex "Lasy Rychtalskie". The work focused on characterizing the present state, forecasting future changes, as well as indicating the stability threats which the areas face. Forest promotion complexes are functional areas of a particular ecological, educational and social significance. The Lasy Rychtalskie Complex is situated within the grounds of the Syców Forest Inspectorate and its name is taken from the section called Rychtal. The area of the forests is famous for its Pinus sylvestris L ecotype, as well as unique genetic values, confirmed by scientific research. The field investigations were carried out on the marshlands of the forests in focus. Three experimental plots, microcatchments and 6 transects transverse to the forests roads, situated either within the area of the catchments or in their close neighbourhood, were selected for the detailed research. The selected catchments are situated on the marshlands. 51 groundwater measurement wells, alongside with 3 Thomson overflows situated on watercourses were installed on the experimental plots. Soil samples were collected from all drillings for standard laboratory tests of mechanical, ...
The field investigations were carried out in a small forest catchment situated in the area of the Krajeńskie Lakeland, in the Lipka Forest District, the Biskupice Forest Range. The catchment covers the area of 182ha; 95% is covered by forests and 5% by arable land and meadows. The field measurements comprised a continuous recording of the course water levels at the Thompson’s overflow and weekly measurements of groundwater levels in ten wells. Construction development was introduced on the area of the watercourse during the conducted research: six damming devices (installations) constant weirs-were constructed there. The annual outflow coefficient from the catchment in focus equals to 0.330. It confirms the necessity of developing the discussed watercourse in order to create the so-called small retention. However, no significant influence was found of the development on the water balance components of the catchment. The influence of the watercourse bank development can be clearly described conducting an analysis of direct runoffs. 14 recorded high water waves were subject to analysis; 6 prior to the development and 8 following it. Each of the waves was described applying Nash’s conceptual model. A constant number of 2 reservoirs in a cascade was assumed. Means of time-constants for ...
In paper were analysed topical supplies of waters in marshlands, in water-courses, reservoirs and fish ponds on areas of eleven forest inspectorates situated in central parts of the wielkopolskie province. Selected forest inspectorates: Babki, Czerniejewo, Gniezno, Grodzisk, Jarocin, Konstantynowo, Kościan, Łopuchówko, Oborniki, Piaski, Pniewy. These forest inspectorates are situated on areas of twel-fth administrative districts: gnieźnieński, gostyński, grodziski, jarociński, kościań-ski, nowotomyski, obornicki, poznański, szamotulski, śremski, średzki and wrzesiń-ski. Investigated area included about 10 thousand km2, in this forest area about 5 thousand km2. Analysises were concerning to so-called small water retention. This term defining all interventions having in view extension way and time of cir-culation of water in catchments. Usually this is understanding as stopping and dam up waters in water-courses and accumulation her in water reservoirs. To small retention belong water reservoirs about entire capacities < 5 million m3. Ac-tivities in range of small retention serve to improvement of water balance in ca-tchments across enlarging of supplies discretionary waters. Determine also impor-tant element of protection of waters quality. Indicatory value of small water retention water are 6246 m3/km2, in this in marshlands stored water equal 2184 m3/km2. In plans to 2015 foresees on investigated areas of forest ...
One of the most significant problems in contemporary climatology of cli-mate warming. Although not confirmed beyond any doubt, still numerous factors indicate climate change within the recent, relatively short period of time. Opinions presented in literature on the subject vary considerably - from extreme positions, forecasting disastrous effects in many regions worldwide to the claim that "the problem of climate change has been exaggerated against all proportions".The Zielonka Forest is situated in mid-part of the Warta river basin, in the central part of the Wielkopolska region. The natural landscape is of postglacial type (Würm glaciation) with morainic plateaus - plain or rolling, gravel and san-dy soils as the main features. Pine and oak are the dominant tree species in forest stands. The predominant habitats are: fresh mixed coniferous forest, fresh conif-erous forest, moist coniferous forest and alder. Transitional climate of Puszcza Zielonka is distinguished by relatively significant nonstationality expressed e.g. by parameters of temperature and precipitation dynamics. For the period from 1848 to 2008 year, the directional changes of precipitation time series were not indi-cated at 0,05 level of significance. The trends are statistically insignificant for each month of the year, half-year, vegetation and hydrologic year periods. However the periodicity ...
Field studies have been carried out on marshland areas in the Promotion Forest Complex Rychtalskie Forest. Marshland areas are characterized by very large water storage capacities. Total annual outflow is relatively small - about 4% of a total annual precipitation and it occurs only in winter half-year and in May. Ground water levels lie shallow, about 1 m under the surface area. The forecast of water condition change in the investigated areas, expressed by ground water changes, was based on negative trend of precipitation. It has been assumed that, essential changes on marshland area ecosystems will occur, when - average ground water levels come down by about 50% of the present state. It has been es-timated that it will happen after around 100 years. Pragmatic actions should aim to totally stop water outflow from these areas. It was found that surface water had better water quality than ground water. First of them had the results in the interval ranging from the border of detect ability to the upper limit of the 2nd class of purity whereas second to the 5th class of purity. In surface waters the parameter with the poorest value in all seasons was chemical oxygen demand (ChZT). ...
Estimation of influence of land use changes to flood outflows from affor-estation areas of the Roztocze Środkowe was worked out basing on SCS-CN meth-od. This method permits calculation from total rainfall a direct runoff as equivalent to effective rainfall. The original SCS-CN method in principle was worked out for catchments of cultivated areas [National Engineering Handbook 1956, 1985]. Present paper is focused on the idea of adaptation original method to forest con-ditions [Okoński 2006; Okoński, Miler 2010]. The main parameter of this method - CN is a function e.g. of land use. The empirical values of parameter CNemp were calculated basing on hydro-meteorological data of flood outflows at representative catchment of the Krynica River in the Roztocze Środkowe, in the area of the Tomaszów Lubelski Forest District, the Bełżec Forest Range. The dependence be-tween empirical value of parameter CNemp and his equivalent's value from original method is a basis idea of adaptation method SCS-CN to characteristics of investi-gated catchment. In consequence it gives then possibility to prognoses how the change of land use, e.g. forest stand reconstruction, afforestation, deforestation, change of field culture, significant change in infrastructure etc., will influence to flood outflows (change to water retention) at a ...
Estimation of influence of land use changes to flood outflows from affor-estation areas of the Krajeńskie Lakeland was worked out basing on SCS-CN method. This method permits calculation from total rainfall a direct runoff as equivalent to effective rainfall. The original SCS-CN method in principle was worked out for catchments of cultivated areas [National Engineering Handbook 1956, 1985]. Present paper is focused on the idea of adaptation original method to forest conditions [Okoński 2006; Okoński, Miler 2010]. The main parameter of this method - CN is a function e.g. of land use. The empirical values of parameter CNemp were calculated basing on hydro-meteorological data of flood outflows at representative catchment of river no. 17-86-1 in the Krajeńskie Lakeland, in the area of the Lipka Forest District, the Biskupice Forest Range. The dependence be-tween empirical value of parameter CNemp and his equivalent's value from original method is a basis idea of adaptation method SCS-CN to characteristics of investi-gated catchment. In consequence it gives then possibility to prognoses how the change of land use, e.g. forest stand reconstruction, afforestation, deforestation, change of field culture, significant change in infrastructure etc., will influence to flood outflows (change to water retention) at a representative areas ...
Natural and anthropological climate changes are due to reason why unfavorable water resources are changed. The Forest Promotion Complexes are a functional areas in peculiarities about to ecological meaning, educational and social. The area of the FPC Lasy Rychtalskie have high retention potential. Surface outflow is relatively low ca 4% of annual precipitation and occurs in the winter half-year extending into May. The prognosis of groundwater level changes expressed by groundwater level dynamics was created on the basis of negative annual rainfall trend. The projection was calculated on assumption that significant changes in forest swamp ecosystems would occur provided that average groundwater depth level decrease by 50% of the actual groundwater level depth. The reduction of groundwater level depth as the outcome of this scenario can be expected in 100-year period. Pragmatic action to be taken should prevent from the outflow of the water from the areas. The earlier carried earlier out chemical tests did not reveal any excessive accumulation of chemical pollutants in soils, as well as surface and groundwater. ...
A forest is the form of natural storage reservoir and it by this can be perceived as mainstay of small water retention. The prognoses of unfavourable climatic changes (growth of air temperatures, diminishing of precipitations, frequency increase of extreme weather phenomena) causing a necessity of compensations these the unfavourable phenomena by a technical and un-technical undertakings to increase water storage in forests. The building of devices of small retention has reason both: natural (i.a. assure in forest ecosystems biodiversity) and economic aspects. Indicatory cost water storage 1 m3 of water in objects of small retention is ten times smaller than in great storage reservoirs. Permission to building of objects of small retention is required for damming height 1,0 m or for every investment situated on protected areas. More than once its very increased the costs of investment. Therefore building a small objects is pragmatic, e.g. a cascade systems reservoirs. The building of objects damming and slowing outflow from catchments is focused to protection of the valuable natural habitats and it can be use full in strategy of protection of areas - may be the essential element Nature 2000 (e.g. forest bogs ecosystems, moist or flood plain forest). In Poland at ...
The Uroczysko Warta is one of most important concentrations of floodplain forest in Poland. Building of the Jeziorsko reservoir contributed to change of the Warta River regime (limitation of surface overflows, their frequencies), what in consequence negatively influencing on floodplain forest areas. Flood plain forests are the richest and highly picturesque forest ecosystems. Unfortunately, river regulation and flood control contribute to their degradation. In Poland only 0.2% of total area is covered by flood plain forests. The Uroczysko Warta forest district constitutes one of the most important clusters of these sites. The construction of the Jeziorsko reservoir in the middle course of the Warta River has contributed to changes in the river regime (reduced flooding areas and decreased flooding frequency). It seems that the use of simple land improvement systems, i.e. gates, river bars and culverts with flap check valves, may result in the recreation of advantageous hydrological conditions. In such a case storage volume of oxbow lakes would be increased and ground water would be maintained at a higher level over longer periods of time. Planned building of numerous dams on water-courses and devices to dam up water on reservoirs are cheapest methods of enlarging of water ...
The paper presents changes of volumetric soil moisture during rainless periods in the area covered by the sixty year-old pine stand. The analysed area is located in the Tuczno Forest District, the Martew Forest Area in the north-western part of Poland. The calculations were based on the measurements of volumetric soil moisture at seven different depths below the ground level (to the depth of about 7 m). A set of probes was installed in the unsaturated zone for moisture measuring, using TDR method (Decagon Devices Em5b-ECH2O), in order to calculate volumetric soil moisture changes in the unsaturated zone. Volumetric soil moisture measurements used in this work were calculated at daily intervals during rainless periods in the years 2013-2016. The variability of volumetric soil moisture during the rainless periods was registered only at the shallowest level (0.85 m below the ground level). On deeper levels over relatively long (more than 20 days) rainless periods these changes are negligible. The Authors suggested the Weibull equation to describe the changes of volumetric soil moisture at shallow levels during the rainless periods. ...
The Puszcza Zielonka and the Wielkopolski National Park are a big forest complex near the Poznan city. Is taken as the reference meteorological data for the Puszcza Zielonka and the Wielkopolski National Park based on data from the Poznan gauge station. The climate in the Puszcza Zielonka and in the Wielkopolski National Park shows relatively high stationarity. Air temperature (T) for these forest areas, from 1848-2016, shows in vegetation seasons, the positive trend of 0.004 0C/year (Sen's slope) on the significance level α = 0.05. While precipitation (P) and Sielianinov's hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) do not exhibit statistically significant changes. Fourier analysis of periodicity of air temperature indicates the dominant cycles: 84.5-; 56.3-; 15.4-; 3.5- and 3.3-years. An analogous analysis indicate the periodicity of precipitation: 7.0-; 4.0-; 3.6-; 3.3- and 2.8-years. Very similar, periodicity dominant was obtained for Sielianinov's hydrothermal coefficient ie.: 7.0-; 3.9-; 3.3-; 2.8- and 2.1-year. You can indicate that in Poznan, and therefore also in the Puszcza Zielonka and in the Wielkopolski National Park, in vegetation seasons, between 1848-2016 (almost 170 years) air temperature has increased by about 0.7 0C, while precipitation remained on unchanged level. Sielianinov's hydrothermal coefficient, which is a comprehensive assessment of the conditions falls ...
The Uroczysko Warta is one of the most important riparian forest areas in Poland. The construction of the Jeziorsko reservoir resulted in changes in the Warta river hydrological regimes. This in turn led to a reduction in the floodplain area and flooding frequency, which as a consequence has had a dramatically detrimental effect on the floodplain forests in that wilderness. Riparian forests are among the richest and most beautiful forest ecosystems. Unfortunately, river regulation and flood control measures result in their degradation. In Poland only 0.2% total area is covered by riparian forests. The Uroczysko Warta is one of the most important groups of these habitats not only in Poland, but also on the European scale. It was assumed that the implementation of simple land and water system restoration systems - gates, barrages, culverts with backwater valve gates - may promote recreation of advantageous hydrological relations. This study presents results of water monitoring in the Uroczysko Warta Wilderness and the volume of deadwood formed as a consequence of hydrometeorological conditions. The paper provides a detailed description of climate characteristics (air temperature and precipitation) in the 30-year period of 1988-2017, i.e. after the commissioning of the Jeziorsko reservoir along with the ...
The paper outlines problems of rural areas shaping in the EU against the background of permanent and sustainable development concept. The principles and several steps of common agricultural policy, structural and regional policies have been characterized. It has been stated that these policies are strictly bound with each other and they are subject to evolution. Agricultural policy bases on the price – income policy and structural policy stimulation, structural policy concerns the influence on production factors assisting changes in rural areas, and regional policy stimulates reorganization of agriculture, multifunctional development of rural areas and diminishing of negative differences between regions. The aim of these activities is the creation of value and economically sustainable position of rural areas, especially as an environment for living, working, recreation in natural conditions, as well as positive development of agricultural structures. In the last decades the UE gained intrinsic progress in the LFA reduction – which especially concerns the regions of Ireland and Portugal. Sustainable shaping of environment and rural land management is being implemented by the system of spatial planning, in the range of agricultural land management, village renewal and ecological – landscape planning. The concept of sustainable and permanent development, which finds its ...
In recent years researchers have focused increasingly on climatic changes taking place in nature (increasing air temperature, decreasing precipitation totals). These imply changes in components of water balances and in practice changes in water relations both on the global and local scale. At present site overdrying is considered to be the biggest threat [Pierzgalski 2007]. The aim of the study was to present water relations found in forest swampy areas in a forest district (the Marianka Forest District) of the Siemianice Forest Experimental Station in hydrological years of 2005 and 2006. Investigations showed that analyzed catchments, despite being located in swampy areas, are characterized by periods of water depletion in ditches. In analyzed watercourses runoff was recorded from mid-November 2004 to the beginning of June 2005, while in the next hydrological year it was again from mid- November, but this time longer - to mid-June 2006. In relation to ground water of the catchment area a predictable relationship was observed of the water table level on the location of observation wells. Wells located in the top sections of the catchment had a water table the deepest below the ground level, while wells in valleys had water tables at the most ...
In recent years researchers have focused increasingly on climatic changes taking place in nature (increasing air temperature, decreasing precipitation totals). These imply changes in components of water balances and in practice changes in water relations both on the global and local scale. At present site overdrying is considered to be the biggest threat [Pierzgalski 2007]. The aim of the study is to present water relations in the forest swampy areas in a forest district (the Marianka Forest District) of the Siemianice Forest Experimental Station in hydrological years of 2005 and 2006. The investigations showed that analysed catchments, despite being located in swampy areas, are characterized by periods of water depletion in ditches. In analysed watercourses runoff was recorded from mid-November 2004 to the beginning of June 2005, while in the next hydrological year it was recorded again from mid-November, but this time longer to mid-June 2006. In relation to ground water of the catchment area a predictable relationship was observed of the water table level at the locations of observation wells. The wells located in the top sections of the catchment had water table the deepest below the ground level, while wells in valleys had water tables at the most ...
The paper covers research on physiographic features and anthropogenic factors influence on natural pond water storage. The problem was investigated both at the level of the Dopływ spod Nowej Wsi catchment (27.53 km2) and the smaller spatial unit Bagna Ramuckie natural pond (12.4 ha). Dynamics of physiographic features, changes of hydrographical network and anthropogenic factors including water, land and forest management practices were investigated. The decisive factor modulating processes of water storage rebuilding for investigated spatial units seems to be dynamics and long-term directional changes of air temperature. Rebuilding of pond water storage occurred after a 40-year period of air temperature decrease and the decline of water storage after a 20-year period of air temperature increase. Precipitation had minor significance in modulating pond water storage in long-term periods, because lack of long-term precipitation trends in analysed period. Although in short-term periods precipitation have important modulating impact on a decline of pond storage. The decline occurred after the dry period from 1989 to 1995 as a result of high deficit of climatic water balance. Spectacular rebuilding of pond water storage occurred in Bagna Ramuckie after the cold and wet period from 1956 to 1965. Non-climatic physiographic features and anthropogenic factors did ...
The research area is located in Uroczysko Warta, Czeszewo Forest District, Jarocin Forest Division. The Uroczysko Warta is a forest, situated on flood plain terrace on the left bank of the Warta River, between 332 and 337.5 km of its course and the confluence section of the Lutynia River (0 to 3.2 km). Mean annual precipitation for the period of 1951 - 2000 is 546 mm. Variability of annual precipitation is very high: every 10 years precipitation is ca 380 mm and a cyclicity is observed for episodes of wet and dry years. Assessment of seasonal variability of ground water level was performed on the basis of monitoring data for the period from March 2009 to May 2011collected from 26 piezometers. In addition data series of water stages from 7 gauging staffs installed in oxbow lakes and Lutynia River were utilized. Groundwater levels were measured automatically. Flood plain forests are the most complex forest ecosystems. River channelization, construction of embankments, river damming and construction of reservoirs resulted in reduc-tion of flooding events fraquency and degradation of flood plain forests. In Poland only 0.2% of total area of flood plain forest habitats is covered by flood plain forests. Uroczysko Warta ...
The area subjected to analysis is located in the north-west part of Poland in Pomerania province. The study is located in the vicinity of meteorological research station managed by the Department of Meteorology, University of Life Sciences in Poznań. The area is located within the buffer zone of Drawieński National Park. Standard tests of the water conditions in forests based on river basin schema, which basically makes evaluation the quasi-point impossible (in units or subunits of forest). Therefore, to calculate the profile drainage and retention changes proposed measurements of groundwater levels in the trailing transects and marking moisture in the aeration zone using TDR method. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) became known as a useful method for soil water content and bulk electrical conductivity measurement in the 1980s through the publication of a series of papers by Topp, Dalton and others. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is a highly accurate and automatable method for determination of porous media water content and electrical conductivity. Water content is inferred from the dielectric permittivity of the medium, whereas electrical conductivity is inferred from TDR signal attenuation. Empirical and dielectric mixing models are used to relate water content to measured dielectric permittivity. Clay and organic ...
Research was carried out in the Kamienica river catchment. This catchment is included into three mesoregions: upper part of the basin - in the Beskid Sądecki, central and lower part of the basin - in the Beskid Niski and the Kotlina Sądecka. Seven floods, which occurred in 1997-2010 in the upper part of the Kamienica catchment, were selected in order to verify the suitability of the NRCS method to calculate the direct runoff. The CN parameter value according to NRCS method was estimated based on the observed phenomena of rainfall-runoff. To follow the aim, the total runoff hydrograph was divided into two parts: groundwater (base) flow and direct runoff. The obtained results confirm the reports of other authors that the CN parameter estimated by empirical study is significantly higher than the theoretical value for normal conditions. Thus, it was concluded that during a drought period or, in a case of normal precipitation, watercourses are supplied by groundwater of the first aquifer. The conducted examinations showed, that in the case of mountain catchments, the use of baseflow as an index of ground moisture to calculate the CN parameter is legitimate. It seems that the degree of catchment moisture is better characterized ...
Wildlife crossings are resource-demanding structures constructed to minimalize impacts of human-made barriers (e.g. road and railway corridors) on the natural environment. Therefore monitoring of functionality of these engineering constructions is vital. The aim of monitoring is to control if implemented technical and biological solutions have been accepted by the wildlife. The paper concerns functionality analysis of wildlife overpass crossings constructed in the area of S3 expressway junction with A3 motorway. The research method was direct observation bats flight activity through gateway area at reference sections. It shows that constructed section of S3 motorway disturbed natural bat migration routes. The flights of bats at collision elevation 4 m over road level are 20% of total flight frequency occurring outside gateway sections. Efficiency of bat flight guiding on wildlife crossings depends on many factors e.g. biometric parameters of trees, road surface level declination in comparison with surrounding terrain level at the crossing area, location of clearings in the vicinity of crossings.The wildlife crossing analyzed in the paper is accepted by bats, however its functionality should be improved both by implementing technical modifications - increasing width of gates, decreasing of road surface level in comparison with terrain level and by ...
The natural and man-caused climate changes are the cause of hydrologic disturbance. Throughout the last decades of XXth century, particularly at the beginning of 8th decade of XXth century a groundwater level decreased over 6,000 ha area in Kaliska Forest District. The hydrologic disturbance lasted until the mid-9th decade of XXth century and the study on hydrological restitution project was undertaken at that time. The project had been implemented since 1996 to 2003. As a result the rise of groundwater level has been observed over the area of 5,000 ha. The surface water storage and ground water level has been monitored for the period 2012-2013 after thawing at the early Spring till the next late Autumn first snowfall. Groundwater storage sates undergo long and short-term changes. Short-term changes are the result of meteorological conditions and uptake of water by the vegetation. Long-term variability is caused by e.g. forest stand dynamics. Due to relatively short period of the groundwater level monitoring, the paper discusses solely short-term variability of groundwater level. ...
The paper presents trends in average annual soil moisture in the area covered by the sixty-year old pine stand. The area of analysis is located in the Tuczno Forest District, the Martew Forestry, in the north-western part of Poland. The calculations were based on the measurements of soil moisture at seven different depths below the ground level. A set of probes was installed for measuring the moisture using TDR method in order to calculate retention changes in the unsaturated zone. Humidity measurements used in this work were carried out at daily intervals throughout the year 2014. Designated trends were analysed using the non-parametric Mann- Kendall test, which is used for detecting trend of hydrological and meteorological parameters. Negative values of the Mann-Kendall statistics point to a declining trend for most - six out of the seven, analysed levels of measurement. The tendency toward dryness was not confirmed by the data set of precipitations. Although precipitations are considered to be the main driver of variations in soil moisture their impact severity seems to be controlled by other characteristics of the catchment area and components of the water balance, such as evapotranspiration. ...
Although in recent years the number of traffic accidents and collisions on Polish roads has been decreasing, it is important to identify their most significant causes. This study presents an analysis of 34 causes of road incidents reported by the police in the Wielkopolskie province in the years 2011-2013. A total of 34 causes of traffic incidents (accidents and collisions - X1, ..., X34, respectively) were grouped by means of hierarchic cluster analysis using the nearest neighbour method with Euclidean distances, in a four-dimensional space of parameters (the number of accidents - LW, the number of killed - LZ, the number of casualties, including slightly injured in collisions - LR, the number of collisions - LK). Calculations were conducted using the Statistica ver. 12 package. Analyses showed that the most common cause of traffic incidents included side collisions and rear collisions of vehicles, failure to yield to the right-of-way, failure to adjust the speed to the traffic conditions and failure to keep adequate distance between vehicles. Hitting a tree was only the 19th cause (out of 34 analysed ones); however, consequences of these incidents were tragic (8% of fatal accidents). ...
The aim of the presented studies was to calculate interception values for the sixty-year-old pine stand located in Tuczno Forest District. The area subjected to analysis is located in the north-western part of Poland, in West Pomerania province. The calculations were based on the measurements of precipitation above the tree crowns (2 pluviometers) and at a height of 1 m above the surface (13 pluviometers). Precipitation measurements used in this work were carried out in 30-minute intervals during the entire 2014. The analyses were conducted using mainly A-STER tipping bucket pluviometers. Temporary interception in the studied sixty-year-old pine stand can reach even about seven millimeters. The daily difference between precipitation above the tree crowns and precipitation at 1 m above the surface can reach twelve millimeters. The calculated volume of the so called interception reservoir was about three millimeters (3.26 mm). The annual value of interception for the tested stand was 19.6% of the total annual precipitation. ...
The most significant problem in contemporary climatology - climate warm-ing. Although not confirmed beyond any doubt, still numerous factors indicate climate change within the recent, relatively short period of time. In studies con-cerning the role of forest cover in the water balance of catchments researchers stressed considerable retention capacity of forested areas. This capacity influences an increased total runoff from catchments with higher forest cover in dry years and its reduction in wet years, as well as increased runoff in summer half-years and its reduction in winter half-years. In research on catchments with different degrees of forest cover they showed high retention capacity of catchments with a higher forest cover. This is evidenced by very uniform courses of monthly flows and relatively limited monthly changes in retention. Also in long-term studies con-ducted by the Department of Water Management, the Forestry Research Institute, under conditions found in lowland catchments a stabilizing effect of forest cover may be observed on water runoff from the area of the catchments, mainly a reduc-tion of its uneven distribution. Nowadays wetlands belong to one of the most threatened ecosystems. They are important biodiversity hot spots, habitats for pro-tected and endangered plant species and natural reservoirs for ...
The Promotion Forest Complexes are a functional areas in peculiarities about to ecological meaning, educational and social. The own name Promotion Forest Complex (PFC) Rychtalskie Forest is accepted from a situated forests on precinct Rychtal of Forest Inspectorate Syców. This forests of precinct are celebrated from ekotype ordinary pine, about unrepeatable genetic values, confirmed in scientific investigations. Total area of the PFC Rychtalskie Forest carries out 47 992 ha, in this Forest Inspectorate Antonin 19915 hahectare, Forest Inspectorate Syców 22 140 ha, and Forest Experimental Institution Experimental Siemianice 5938 ha. Generally, on the PFC Rychtalskie Forest area are: 57% coniferous forest, 37.5% broadleaved forest and 5.5% upland forest. In Forest Inspectorate Antonin greatest area occupies fresh coniferous forest. In Forest Inspectorates Syców and Siemianice dominates habitats of fresh mixed coniferous. On all area least participation has flooded forest. Defined, that under notion marshlands were described forest areas, forest ekosystems forest in excess wet, to which belongs initially these grounds, that are in forest descriptions classified as: Bb, BMB, LMB, Ol, OlJ and Lł (Polish standard). To detailed investigations are selected three experimental areas, microcatchments and 6 transects transverse to forest roads situated or in frames above mentioned areas or ...
In this paper the scope of hydrological investigations and the results obtained in year 2013 on monitoring station at the Tuczno forest inspectorate was presented. The analyzed area is located in the north-west part of Poland in Pomerania province. Three of four components of water balance were directly measured in vertical profile : precipitation (P), evapotranspiration (E) and changes of water retention (soil moisture) (ΔR). The outflow (H) was computed by use of following equation: H = P - E - ΔR. In order to measure above mentioned parameters we have used set of instruments consisted of: tipping bucket rain-gauges A-STER and WXT510 meteorological station (precipitation); - eddy covariance system (anemometer CSAT 3 and Li-7500 IR gas analyzer) - evapotranspiration; - and few reflectometers CS616 (TDR method - soil moisture). Changes of water retention in 30 minute periods, calculated on the basis of soil moisture fluctuations indicate that they show synchronous fluctuations in the respective sums of precipitation. The amplitudes of soil moisture fluctuatons are inversely proportional to depth the u.s.a. Computed average value of specific outflow oscillate between normative values for this region.
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