Multifunctionality has a wide meaning comprising among other local development, entrepreneurship, long-term planning, diversification of agriculture and improvement of demographic resources. Therefore problems of multifunctional rural development must be treated on a broad basis.The work presented results of research on diversification of multifunctional rural development in the świetokrzyskie province, which covered 97 communes.Level of multifunctional development on the investigated subjects was presented as a synthetic index of development developed by Hellwig, which has been calculated on the basis of 15 variables characterizing multifunctionality. The value of computed synthetic index ranged between 0.3055 (for the Masłów commune) to 0.0155 (for the Bliżyn commune). At this point it should be mentioned that the index has been constructed in such way that its value ranges between 0 and 1. In some cases, e.g. considerable difference in development of some objects, it may assume values below 0.A classification of the researched communes due to their multifunctionality was conducted using Ward method. Diagram of connections created on this basis allowed for identification of four classes of communes. ...
Infrastructure is one of the most important factors of rural development and its deficiencies decide about a low living standard, make farming difficult and cause low attractiveness of rural areas for investors. The paper presents research on the relationships between the level of rural infrastructure development and the quality of social surrounding of the rural areas. The studies were based on statistical material obtained from 97 administrative territorial units (rural gminas and from the areas of urban-rural gminas) of the świętokrzyskie province. It was assumed that the impact of technical infrastructure on the quality of social surrounding is variable. In order to verify this assumption the researched gminas community was divided according to the quality of social surrounding and three clusters were identified using the k-means method of cluster detection. The correlation analysis conducted between the quality of social surrounding and the quality of infrastructural space in the identified groups revealed a positive correlation relationship (r=0.45) in the group of gminas characterized by an average quality of social surrounding. The relationship is much weaker in the group of gminas of low quality of social surrounding. The third group of gminas, where the highest quality of social surrounding was registered numbered ...
A concept of multifunctional rural development cannot be identified exclusively with creating new jobs. Multifunctional character is a wider notion including among others local development, entrepreneurship, long-term planning, diversification of agriculture and improvement of demographic resources. Problems of multifunctional rural development must be therefore treated as a complex issue. The work presents results of research on diversification of multifunctional rural development in the świętokrzyskie province conducted in 97 communes.The level of multifunctional development of the studied objects was presented as a synthetic index of development established by Hellwig, computed on the basis of 15 variables characterizing multifunctional character. The value of computed synthetic index fell within the range of 0.3055 (Masłów commune) and -0.0155 (Blizyn commune). It must be mentioned that the index has been construed in such a way that it value is between 0 and 1. In some cases, e.g. a considerable difference in development of some objects, its value may assume values less than 0.A classification of the studied communes was also made due to the level of their multifunctional character. The first class of communes with the highest level of multifunctional development includes 10 communes, the second class with medium development level - 36 communes ...
Investigations were conducted to analyse the relationships between the level of multifunctional rural development and the quality of these areas environment. The studies were carried out on the basis of statistical materials obtained from 97 municipalities of the świętokrzyskie province. The crucial point of the work was an application of canonical analysis which is a generalization of multiple regression analysis. A significant statistical dependence was found between the level of multifunctional development and the quality of the investigated rural areas environment described by three canonical variables. These variables explain 38% of variances of multifunctional development variables sets at given variables of environment quality. The computed value of variance is not satisfactory. Therefore it is necessary to carry out changes concerning the kind and number of indices of both multifunctional development and the environment quality. Due to multivariate character of the analysed sets of variables, canonical analysis is the correct method allowing for objective study of conditions of rural areas development. ...
The paper presents the results of studies conducted in 2005 on the opinions of inhabitants from the selected communes of the świętokrzyskie province on factors determining multifunctional rural development. The studies, conducted using directed interviews covered a total of 493 respondents, who were classified into three groups differentiated as to their ages, level of education and social status. The results of studies confirm the suppositions that preferences of individual respondent groups concerning the factors of multifunctional rural development are diversified. ...
Presented were the results of studies on the level of technical infrastructure development in rural areas of the świętokrzyskie province. Saturation with and accessibility of water supply and sewage disposal systems and road network were considered. Ward method was used to identify uniform groups of objects (communes) and the results were verified using discriminant function analysis. ...
The strength and character of spatial auto-correlation of the value of synthetic level of development of selected technical infrastructure elements functioning in rural areas in the swiętokrzyskie province. The synthetic indicator value was determined on the basis of Hellwig synthetic development measure. The research did not confirm the occurrence of spatial autocorrelation concerning the level of infrastructure development. ...
The paper presents the results of research concerning the relationship be-tween the value of entrepreneurship indicator and the distance of spatial units from the economic centres. The entrepreneurship indicator was determined by stating a number of economic entities registered in the REGON system per 10 thous. of people of working age. The distances of spatial units from the eco-nomic units were expressed as the shortest road distances. A statistically signifi-cant dependency was found between the value of entrepreneurship indicator and the distance from the economic centre. An increase in the distance by 1km causes a decrease in the number of economic entities by 47 per 10 thous. of people. ...
Modernization of agriculture, whose gravest problem is labour surplus and connected with it dispersed area structure, among others, relies on diminishing employment. Abandoning agriculture cannot imply migration from rural areas. Therefore, employment opportunities should be created for those who would abandon work in agriculture but would remain in the country. The main stipulation in the considerations of rural areas future is multifunctional development, whose rate and trends depend on many factors. Multifunctionality of rural areas resolves itself to proper, multidirectional utilization of rural potential determined by the above mentioned factors to create new, off-farm jobs. It should be emphasized that local specificity particularly socio-economic conditionings, play a crucial role in the process of multidirectional rural development.The main research problems discussed in the paper focused on the analysis of the rural areas environment effect on multifunctional development of these areas. Verification of the assumed research hypotheses resolved itself to answers to four questions:1. Are there any differences in the level of multifunctional development of communes and on what factors do they depend?2. Does the impact of multifunctional development factors depend on current level of multifunctionality?3. Do the rural dwellers have various preferences concerning multifunc-tional development and what do these preferences depend on?4. Do the opinions ...
Real estate market is a crucial factor of economic growth. However, the market is imperfect due to a lack of adequate data resources not only about prop-erty price trends but also about factors affecting the attractiveness of the terrains as the basis for market price trend [Gawroński, Prus, 2005].The paper attempts at an analysis of the influence of selected factors on price trends for building and ag-ricultural plots in the area of Bochnia commune. It has been demonstrated that prices of building plots are primarily dependant on the shape of a plot and its dis-tance from the city centre. The studies comprised also the building plots which had a possibility to connect to technical infrastructure. In case of agricultural plots, the important factors affecting their prices were the shape of a plot and the land slope. ...
Waste management comprises a number of single activities forming a cohe-rent system aiming at creating conditions for waste storage, their transport and disposal.Poland committed herself to implement and realise the European Union di-rectives concerning waste management. One of the major problems is closing down the hitherto existing landfills which do not meet the requirements of the directives. Moreover, the European Union requires a radical diminishing of the municipal waste quantities deposited on landfills.This aim may be reached by means of appropriate education about handling wastes and creating a system of waste management, suitable for local conditions. The paper shows the waste management system existing in the past in the Bochnia commune and the current state of affairs, and suggests solutions leading to improvement of the currently existent system. The research, conducted in the form of directed interviews among the investigated commune dwellers allowed to indicate the main trends of changes in the system of waste management, particularly concerning the waste collection. ...
Technical infrastructure plays an important role in the restructuring process of rural areas. Production processes and labor productivity depend on infrastructural arrangement, its condition and properly work of all elements. One of the cause for the rural areas marginalization is the underdeveloped technical infrastructure.In the paper the similar areas with infrastructural quality of Świętokryskie voivodship were separated. Evaluation of these areas due to the environmental quality of the infrastructure was made. In order to carry out the valorization of the technical infrastructure level, multivariate correspondence analysis was applied. ...
In this paper was analyzed selected components of technical infrastructure functioning in rural areas of the Malopolska, Świętokrzyskie and Podkarpackie Voivodships. The level of equipping rural areas with specified infrastructure elements was evaluated in the form of density and availability of infrastructure components. The work has been specified the rate of change in the analyzed indicators. In each of the provinces was separated 4, homogeneous groups of municipalities due to the level of infrastructure and standard of living. The lack of consistency in the level of the dynamics of the development of infrastructure with the dynamics of the percentage of residents using the equipment was noted. A positive phenomenon is that the development of the sewage system in all three voivodships has a higher average rate than the average rate of the development of the water supply system. This is particularly important due to the significant underdevelopment of the sewage system in relation to the water supply system ...
Sustainable development involves integration of political, economic and social activities maintaining natural balance and durability of basic natural processes in order to ensure the possibility to fulfil the essential needs of individual communities or citizens, for both present and future generations. An attempt was made in the paper to evaluate the provinces in view of sustaining their development. A set of 71 indicators was used to describe the individual areas of sustainable development, i.e. economic, environmental and institutional-political order in a synthetic way. Linear ordering of provinces was conducted using their taxonomic distance from the model object. ...
Sustainable development consists in integrating political, economic and social activities while maintaining natural balance and durability of basic natural processes in order to guarantee the possibility of satisfying the basic needs of individual communities or citizens of contemporary and future generations. The paper presents the research results on the impact of selected elements of technical infrastructure on the level of sustainable development of provinces. Both the level of sustainable development and the quality of infrastructure were defined in the form of synthetic indicators.Infrastructure was proved to be the factor affecting the sustainability of development; however, it did not have the same impact on all four domains of sustainable development. It was found that the infrastructure may have a negative effect on sustainable development in the natural (environmental) domain. ...
There is a widespread and increasing interest in public-private partnership (PPP) in Poland as a mean of implementing public investment projects, resulting from the fact that the funds that are available to local governments, or EU funding, are not sufficient to meet all the investment needs. In the paper a comparative analysis of the size and structure of the public-private partnerships in the EU countries, with a particular focus on the Polish market is presented. Possibilities of investments based on public-private partnerships on rural areas are specified. The paper examines the recent trends in the PPP's market and describes how these changes and development may affect the infrastructural improvement on rural areas.
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The paper presents an analysis of a chain index of water supply and wastewater infrastructure development dynamics in Poland in the years 2003-2013. The work aimed at determining the development index rate (relative growth) of water supply and sewage systems in Poland divided into 3 basic territorial units (rural, urban-rural and urban districts). Moreover, the paper describes the dynamics of changes concerning water consumption, share of population using water supplied by water supply systems, percentage of households possessing a bathroom and flush toilet and the share of population using sewage system during the analysed period. Conducted analyses used among others the chain index of dynamics to determine the rate of observed changes. The analysis revealed the greatest rate of changes for the indices characterising sewage system and the share of population using the system and wastewater treatment plants. Despite the fact that rural areas were characterized by definitely the highest values of the rate of changes and chain index of changes dynamics, the differences between rural and urban areas concerning water supply and wastewater infrastructure in Poland are still considerable. ...
In the paper, the dynamic of changes in the land use structure is presented.There was analyzed period from 1941-2010. The land survey and topographic map were the main source materials. The scope of research was municipality and rural areas of Niepolomice and part of Podleze locality, where the economic zone is located.The temporal - spatial analysis of changes dynamic was made using GIS.There were seven different forms of land use analyzed. The dynamic of changes in the land structure was determined with dynamic index.The carried out analysis has indicated changes in the land structure and its direction. The structure of the land use has confirmed current trends of spatial policy, where noticeable is infrastructural development at the expense of agricultural land. ...
The aim of the paper was an attempt at application of multiple-criteria analysis for planning public transport system. Methodological rules of an assessment of public transport systems were presented, including: defining variants and coherent family of criteria. Modelling decision-maker's preferences and seeking the most desirable solution. The problem of an assessment of public transport systems was formulated as a multiple-criteria problem of variants ranking. Schemes of appropriate communication connections (routes) were developed in the work using GIS technology and subjected to the assessment by means of a coherent family of criteria using the decision maker's preferences. ...
The article presents common used methods for measuring dissolved oxygen concentration at wastewater facilities. The described methods include Winkler titration and instrumental measurements, such as electrochemical sensors and more recent developed optical ones. The principles, analysis procedures as well as advantages and drawbacks of the methods were discussed. Furthermore, the valid ISO and PN-EN standards for dissolved oxygen measurements were shortly presented with emphasis on the recent changes concerning standards for the optical sensor method. As the results of a survey conducted among wastewater treatment plant operators in southern Poland reveal, optical sensors are being currently preferred in on-line applications due to their enhanced properties in comparison to other measurements methods. ...
The study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of wastewater treatment at the municipal wastewater treatment plant in Wolbrom, to which predominantly domestic wastewater and industrial sewage flow. The assessment was made based on the analysis of the physical and chemical research results of raw and treated wastewater. The research was carried out in the period from January 2014 to December 2014. To perform the analysis of the treatment plant efficiency, four indicators of wastewater pollutants such as BOD5, COD, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were selected for further investigation. For each of the indicators degrees of reduction and coefficients of treatment plant operational reliability were calculated. The calculated degrees of reduction for each of the indicators were high and amounted to 99.0% for BOD5, 95.2% for COD, 91.0% for total nitrogen and 91.6%. for total phosphorus. These results prove the effective reduction in the amount of pollutants. The determined coefficients of treatment plant operational reliability were at a low level: BOD5 - 0.27, COD - 0.44, total nitrogen - 0.33 and total phosphorus - 0.53. The conducted analyses prove the effective operation of the treatment plant, which was confirmed by high efficiency of pollutants removal. ...
