In researches over level of endowment to technical infrastructure, but especially in spatial comparative analyses it is helpful application of multidimensional statistics methods, allowing on assignment of synthetic measureMeasures substitute numerous set of the feature of researched object (variable characterizing individual elements of technical infrastructure) with one aggregate variable.Such approach enables estimate of object (communes) by one largeness and it allows ordering of analyzed object based on treated problem (level of infrastructural development). The purpose of article is assignment of development measure of technical infrastructure according to various methods of constructing of synthetic measures, and comparison received results. The objective is verification how the application of different aggregation methods of the same diagnostic variable effects results, manner and which from suggested methods seem adequate for researches over technical infrastructure.Were chosen 5 different proposals of constructions of synthetic variable and were compare received results according to them these methods.Object of research presents 20 mountain communes in the podkarpackie province. For construction of synthetic measure were accept 8 diagnostic variable characterizing elements of technical infrastructure of country area. ...
Natural, economic and social potential should determines any kind of economic activity taken in region. Functions of communes should captivate this potential also. So the economic activity should respond with economic function. Verification of kind of economic activity in rural communes according to their functional types is purpose of article. It was present characteristic of economic activity taken in rural mountain areas, which was collate with economic functions, which are attributed these areas. Were treated three functional types on base of 38 mountain communes. Chosen functions were: non-commercial agriculture (1), forestry with agriculture (2) and tourist and recreation with share of forestry and agriculture (3). It was ascertained, that the dominating economic activity on these areas is trade and construction, independently on functional type of communes. Only for communes with tourist function was ascertained the correspondence of kind of economic activity with attributed economic function. ...
The economic potential of communes consists first of all: the professional activity of inhabitants and level of their incomes, the local job market, level and kind of enterprise as well as condition of natural environment. The economic potential decides about economic development of commune or region. It stipulates the economic conversions concerning incrementation of production, employment and investments. The purpose of this article is the diagnosis of the economic potential of polish communes lying near the south border. There were analyzed 70 communes in 5 Provinces: Lower Silesia, Opole Voivodeship, Silesia, Malopolska and Podkarpackie. 47 communes lie at the border with the Czech Republic and 23 on the polish-slovak border. The communes are, in prevailing amount, rural, mountain communes and less favoured areas. The one of chances of the development of this areas, is utilization of their geopolitical location, interregional cooperation with neighboring communes that they have similar values of natural and cultural heritage and the economic potential. The border of the state does not have to mean the border of well developing region. But, the commune in order to be an attractive partner for others, has to offer specific level of services and has a disposal adequate economic potential. ...
Communal investments determine the economic development of region. Very often costs of this investments bears the commune. But the budgetary means are frequently not enough to cover the planned capital expenditure on infrastructure. Therefore, constantly growing investment needs are connected with necessity of reaching for alternative sources of sponsorship. The analysis of financing sources of infrastructural investments is the main purpose of this paper. Study concerns the rural commune Spytkowice and the period 2003-2007. There were analyzed tree basic infrastructural groups: social, environmental protection and roads. There was stated that the participation of alternative (outside) means in financing of infrastructural investments has amounted to 36%. The highest participation of outside means in financing investment was in the case of the road network. The investments connected with the social infrastructure were most expensive. ...
The expenditures on water and wastewater management, roads and schools are predominating in the commune’s investment expenditure structure. The main purpose of paper is to define the development rate of water and wastewater infrastructure and accompanying outlays on fixed assets serving the environmental protection. There were analyzed changes of investment outlays on water and wastewater in the period before and after Poland’s access to the EU (2002–2003 and 2004–2006). Gotten results were confronted with real changes in the infrastructural endowment. There was verified if the changes in investment expenditures followed the changes in the infrastructural endowment. The communes of the Nowy Targ district were chosen to the analysis. It has been proved that this district is characterized by high (but insufficient) level of infrastructural endowment and simultaneously by lowest dynamic of investments. The researches have shown that investment expenditures (on the wastewater management and protection of waters) were decreasing on average by 21% annually over the analyzed period. In the same time the infrastructural endowment has grown by 2,1%. It is also stated that the average rate of change of infrastructural indicators was higher before Poland's access to EU. ...
Development of off-farm activities should be perceived as a driving force of economic development, providing the chances for rural communities to find occupation beside the agriculture and plays a key role in the activation of rural areas. The paper presents an analysis of the off-farm economic activities in agri-cultural holdings in Poland and in the European Union countries. Economic ac-tivities were discussed in view of the size and specific character of farms. Spatial diversification concerning entrepreneurship of agricultural holdings in the EU in the years 2003, 2005 and 2007 was presented and dominating forms of off-farm activities were indicated. In view of the conducted analysis it may be stated that off-farm economic activities constitute an important element of these small area (up to 5ha) agricul-tural farms’ operations, both in Poland and in the whole Europe. It was proved that the kinds of activities undertaken by the European Union and Polish farms differ considerably. In the EU the most willingly undertaken activity is agricul-tural product processing, whereas in Poland the greatest number of farms pro-vides services using their own equipment. ...
Over the past few years, diversification and pluriactivity of farmers andfarming households has been increasing in EU-27countries. But the type of diversificationactivity encouraged, as well as their scale, appears to be very differentacross the EU.Therefore the analysis of spatial diversification of other gainful activity offarm households in EU countries is the main purpose of this paper. 27 UE countriesdescribed with 9 variables relating to the non-agricultural activity of farmsare the analysed objects.The carried survey helps to show spatial disparities and to discriminategroups of countries with a similar farmers non-agricultural activity.There were used chosen methods of multidimensional comparative analysiswhich enable clustering the multicriterial objects: Czekanowskis diagram, Wardsmethod, and k-mean algorithm.As a final result there were formed 5 clusters with countries about similarlevel of farm diversification. It may be stated, that a development of diversificationof agricultural holdings is correlated with a spatial arrangement. Neighbouringcountries belong to the same clusters of other gainful activity kinds. ...
There is a widespread and increasing interest in public-private partnership (PPP) in Poland as a mean of implementing public investment projects, resulting from the fact that the funds that are available to local governments, or EU funding, are not sufficient to meet all the investment needs. In the paper a comparative analysis of the size and structure of the public-private partnerships in the EU countries, with a particular focus on the Polish market is presented. Possibilities of investments based on public-private partnerships on rural areas are specified. The paper examines the recent trends in the PPP's market and describes how these changes and development may affect the infrastructural improvement on rural areas.
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In the paper, the dynamic of changes in the land use structure is presented.There was analyzed period from 1941-2010. The land survey and topographic map were the main source materials. The scope of research was municipality and rural areas of Niepolomice and part of Podleze locality, where the economic zone is located.The temporal - spatial analysis of changes dynamic was made using GIS.There were seven different forms of land use analyzed. The dynamic of changes in the land structure was determined with dynamic index.The carried out analysis has indicated changes in the land structure and its direction. The structure of the land use has confirmed current trends of spatial policy, where noticeable is infrastructural development at the expense of agricultural land. ...
The rationalization logistic processes can be a mean to increase the compe-titiveness and efficiency of agribusiness enterprises. It results with adequate supply and distribution organization, including the proper quality of fresh raw materials and effective inventory management. The paper presents a practical application of network planning methods MPM-METRA, to improve and facilitate the logistics process in the agroprocessing industry. The possible aspects of the method application in enterprises and lists the main advantages and disadvantages were indicated. ...
The aim of the paper was an attempt at application of multiple-criteria analysis for planning public transport system. Methodological rules of an assessment of public transport systems were presented, including: defining variants and coherent family of criteria. Modelling decision-maker's preferences and seeking the most desirable solution. The problem of an assessment of public transport systems was formulated as a multiple-criteria problem of variants ranking. Schemes of appropriate communication connections (routes) were developed in the work using GIS technology and subjected to the assessment by means of a coherent family of criteria using the decision maker's preferences. ...
The aim of this article is to present a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis - fsQCA) as a methodological concept to evaluate the processes involving knowledge related to the rural development. Selected municipalities, where activities for local development are carried out in everyday work, were a case study. The analysis focuses on the process of knowledge transfer. Transfer is most complex of all processes involving knowledge. It contains several important elements that form a strong foundation for the organization efficiency, namely: knowledge acquisition, knowledge sharing, dissemination of knowledge and knowledge sharing. On the effectiveness of this process depends largely the level of economic development of the area i.a: update information, faster decision-making, use the different external sources to finance various projects, innovative solutions implementation to acquire competitiveness of the area. ...
The paper aims to determine the level and diversification of logistic costs in an agribusiness enterprise. Applied were selected indicators of logistic costs assessment on an example of a micro enterprise. The logistic costs breakdown by nature was used for this assessment. Proposed assessment indicators are plain and unambiguous to interpret.There was stated that in the presented agribusiness enterprise the value of logistic costs is affected mainly by: remuneration costs (they cover 45% of total logistic costs), costs of external services and costs of materials and energy consumption, in which fuel makes up the highest percentage. The calculated indicators inform that the amount of logistic costs is on a satisfactory level, comparing with food sector trends. The proposed approach simplifies logistic cost analysis. It does not require additional records or accountancy and is possible to apply in practice. Limitation of this method is associated with proper evidence and distinguishing the logistic cost in the overall company costs. ...
National and regional strategies and policies on innovation have been prioritized and innovation is now core to most EU funds and strategies. However, regions are not (should not be) alike in terms of innovation and innovation policy. The development strategies based on innovativeness ideas must include specific local conditions. Effective actions and efforts, to create good environment for innovativeness must bring tangible results. The aim of the paper is comparison of innovativeness on different regions types according to territorial typology: rural, intermediate and urban. The research questions are: Does innovativeness depends on regional typology: urban-rural? Do remote, less developed rural areas have also low achievements (poor performance) in this regard? Innovation output is measured using its hard result, which is number of patent application per capita. To examine group differences according to the innovativeness, the Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted. The test statistic showed, that there is no statistically significant difference between patent applications on different regions types. It has been found that the highest variable value in the whole sample has been calculated in rural group, for rural regions in Switzerland. ...
The goal of the monograph was to:• show sample spheres of functioning and cooperation of institutions acting for rural development and principles of developing processes and procedures for organizing or modernizing informationand knowledge as well as define adequate inventive methods for generating ideas,• elaborate on principles and rules of the methodology for generating ideas in the construction of options for solving problems, formulating criteria and conducting the evaluation of solution variants, selecting the optimal variant and implementing thechosen variant as the final result of the study,• distinguish the sample thematic areas of knowledge managementin rural areas and define adequate methods of creativity and innovation, with pointing out the stages of appropriate methodologies and methods applied.The presentation of the typology and characteristics of inventive methods for generating solutions and creating knowledge, in the context of methodologies to improve organization of rural areas, which strengthentheir competitiveness and innovation based on the principles of sustainable development, was assumed as the main research problem requiring a solution. Problems and methods for generating solutions were defined in conjunction with the study entitled "Organizational standards and rural development in the context of information and knowledge management"(Krakowiak-Bal, Wdowiak, Ziemiańczyk 2017 - subsection 3.3), and the issue of ...
Amount of generated municipal wastes depends on many factors, witch themost important are: life standard, population's rate and goods' consumption scaleand intensity.The kind of produced wastes depends on the area where the wastes aregenerated, population denisity, buldings' types, objects of public utility, trade outpostmagnitude and intensity of industry and services.In this paper there was verified dependence between municipal wasteproduction and one of the social-economic factor which is structure of economicactivity (by Polish Classification of Activity - PKD).The researches were conducted in communes of Malopolska Region. Theaverage amounts of produced wastes in different business communes's type andsignificance of differences among average were defined in the analysis.There was indicated that the biggest waste production (per capita) havecommunes, where the dominant business activities are financed (or insurance),transport or tourism. The least wastes are generating with construction, energeticand agriculture as the main economic activity. ...
The municipal waste is a waste type that includes predominantly household waste (domestic waste) with sometimes the addition of commercial wastes col-lected by a municipality within a given area. EU waste management principles were defined in the Waste Framework Directive 74/442/EWG. In 2007 in EU countries 261 Mio Mg waste (522 kg*(capita*year)-1) were generated. In Poland the production index was lower and came to 322 kg*(capita*year)-1. 179 communes of Malopolska were choused as the research area. Jenk's method (natural break algorithm, also known as the goodness of variance fit (GVF).) was used in the analysis. This method in the best way describes spatial data arrangement. The Jenks optimization method was used to classify features us-ing natural breaks in data values. It was used to minimize the squared deviations of the class means. Optimization was achieved when the quantity GVF was maxi-mized.There was made a spatial analysis of the waste production, numbers of inhabi-tants and population densities in Malopolska communes by means of GIS soft-ware. Based on the gotten results there were defined the average quantities of generated waste in the specified communes' classes. ...
Technical infrastructure plays an important role in the restructuring process of rural areas. Production processes and labor productivity depend on infrastructural arrangement, its condition and properly work of all elements. One of the cause for the rural areas marginalization is the underdeveloped technical infrastructure.In the paper the similar areas with infrastructural quality of Świętokryskie voivodship were separated. Evaluation of these areas due to the environmental quality of the infrastructure was made. In order to carry out the valorization of the technical infrastructure level, multivariate correspondence analysis was applied. ...
In the 21st century, a social and economic development has obtained a new character and a new pace, because new properties of the surroundings have determined the unusual so far increase of the knowledge value. The knowledge becomes the main instrument for carrying out changes. Therefore, it is worth to take care of its proper management not only in the conditions of an enterprise, which carries out its business aims but also in the process of a long-lasting, laborious formation of potential of a particular region or area. The work herein constitutes a presentation of key ideas which accompany the project formation titled "Knowledge management in the process of building competitiveness and innovativeness of rural areas pursuant to the rules of the sustainable development - an empiric verification on the example of the Małopoksie voivodeship". The research problem which has been undertaken is as follows: Do the worked out solutions in relation to the concept of knowledge management may become a stimuli for the development process which takes place on rural areas? ...
The aim of the studies was determining the spatial distribution of premises and the technical means of production resources on farms in the years 1996, 2002 and 2010. The database has been developed for 36 counties of the Śląskie voivodship. The spatial database developed for the analysed voivodships assumed a county as the smallest indivisible unit of the geographical space. The data describing the technical means of production on farms were obtained from inquiries conducted by the European Statistical Office. Diagnostic variables describing the technical equipment on farms included: self-propelled machinery, tractors and usable areas. The analysis of spatial distribution was conducted for the assumed period of time and spatial changes were determined. On the basis of the analysed diagnostic variables the synthetic indicator was determined, which described the multivariate phenomenon by means of one variable. The analysis show that in 1996 agricultural farms were better equipped on the level of the measure of development 0.306 than in 2002, when the measure of development was lower by 0.100. ...
The aim of this paper is to present the context of intellectual capital in rural area development using the example of fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), which is one of the few methodological innovations of recent decades and which bridges the gap between quantitative and qualitative research. Based on surveys and interviews with local organizations, the study examined the relationships between the results of work and the composition of variables that constitute intellectual capital components. The results, related to intellectual capital, were divided into three variables representing human capital (education, experience-years of work, language skills), structural capital (presence of IT system in an organization, the number of procedures and processes) and relational capital (the number of cooperating organizations, the number of NGOs in the community, the level of trust in the manager).The research outcomes showed that different combinations of intellectual capital components led in practice to the same result; nevertheless, human capital was an indispensable element of the combination. ...
An attempt to combine the issue of food supply chains, the market of traditional products and food quality schemes was undertaken. The aim of the article was to indicate and discuss the most important factors influencing functioning of food supply chains in the context of food quality schemes existing in the European Union and on the domestic market. The following factors: food quality systems in force, added value in the entire food supply chains, requirements and nature of demand (consumer choices), challenges of the concept of sustainable development, collaboration and cooperation of the participants in the supply chain were discussed in the article. Attention was also paid to other elements (beyond the scope of this study) that are important in the development of food supply chains and in undertaking further research. ...
