Zeszyt: 2016, vol. 13 / IV / 4 (Dec 2016)
The activity of steel and chemical industries, fertilizers and the development of transport mean that heavy metals (copper) in toxic quantities directly affect the condition of soil and natural ecosystems occurring in nature. The study concerned aimed at the assess-ment of the copper content in the soil samples and plant material from the area of the mu-nicipality of Trzebinia where the problem of the presence of toxic heavy metals in soils is long-term and is the result of anthropogenic human impact on the environment. 83 research areas were designated from which the plant material and soil samples were taken from the levels of 0-20 cm and of 20-40 cm. The copper content in the soil was determined by apply-ing the FAA Method.Additionally, in the soil samples the following were marked: granulometric compo-sition, soil reaction in 1M KCl and in water, electrolytic conductivity and organic matter content. The content of the aforementioned element in the plant material was evaluated by applying the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The conducted research did not reveal any copper contamination of the soil in the municipality of Trzebinia (Journal of Laws 2002). The plant material did not exceed any IUNG standards of ...
Under applicable law (The Act on Fertilizers and Fertilization 2007) sewage sludge produced in wastewater treatment plants is treated as waste. The article presents 5 variants of alteration and management of sewage sludge from the wastewater treatment plant in Szamotuły. Some of them include the use of green mass that can be obtained as a result of urban greenery maintenance works. For the purpose of this article there was carried out a quantitative balance of sludge, taking into account different degrees of its hydration. There were also discussed the results of an experiment conducted on the semi-technical scale. The drying process took place under a plastic tunnel with a length of 10 m. Two series of sludge drying at different outdoor temperatures were carried out. The sludge drying time in conditions of high ambient temperatures (24-36˚C) was 18 days. There was also determined the dependance between hydration and drying time at lower temperatures. In the final analysis, there were employed two basic methods of sludge treatment: solar drying and composting. The introduction of new solutions removes numerous existing sludge disposal costs. The benefits will consist in the elimination of sludge disposal costs or sludge hygienisation costs. ...
Soil microrelief is one of the factors affecting wind and water erosion process. Spatial variability of soil surface (microrelief) influences initiation of the surface runoff and water flow mainly through depressions, where the runoff is delayed and infiltration increases owing to the interception of the flowing water. The research was conducted to assess the changes of relief of two soils (sandy loam and fine sand) under the influence of rainfall in a model experiment. The soil microrelief was determined by means of a contactless 3D scanner using the effect of line distortion as light beam illuminating the object surface (so called Moire pattern). On the basis of obtained results, maps of the differences in the scanned surface elevations were plotted in ArcGIS programme and the soil losses volume was computed. RR indicator calculated for sandy loam was decreasing with increasing depth of simulated rainfall. No such dependence was observed for loose sand. ...
The experiment was carried out in 2007-2009, in the central-eastern Poland. The investigated factors were kind of covers: the control without covering, perforated foil with 100 holes per 1m2 and polypropylene fibre weighing 17 g∙m-2, and broad beans cultivars - ‘White Windsor', ‘Bizon' and ‘Bachus'. Broad bean seeds were sown at the beginning of the second decade of April, at 50 × 10 cm spacing. Directly after sowing the field was covered by covers, which were left on the plants for 3 weeks. After removing the covers the height of plants was measured. Broad bean was harvested at the stage of milk maturity of seeds. The height of broad bean plants and the number of pods per plant were determined prior to the harvest. During the harvest the weight of pods and the yield of fresh seeds were determined and productivity of seeds was calculated from the weight of pods. Biometric parameters of pods and seeds i.e. length of pods, the number of seeds per pod and length, width and thickness of seeds were measured. It was found that the broad bean covering contributed to increase in the height of plant and yield as well as improvement of the ...
The aim of the present research has been an attempt at evaluating the water requirements of apple trees over 2016-2050 in the Bydgoszcz region drawing on the forecast changes in temperature. The paper draws on the forecasting of mean monthly temperature for the Bydgoszcz region in 2011-2050 according to the climate change scenario for Poland SRES: A1B (Bąk, Łabędzki 2014). The water requirements of the apple tree have been determined based on the indispensable precipitation determined by Kemmer and Schulz. The water requirements were calculated for the period January through December and May through September for each year in the 35-year period (2016-2050). The reference period was made up by a 35-year period immediately preceding it (1981-2015). In the 2016-2050 period in the Bydgoszcz region, in the light of the temperature change scenarios, one could expect increased apple-tree water requirements. Determined with the Kemmer and Schulz method, the required annual (January-December) optimal precipitation will increase for the apple tree from 681 mm to 849 mm (by 168 mm, namely by 25 %). The optimal precipitation trend equations show that in the reference period (1981-2015), calculated with the Kemmer and Schulz numbers, the optimal annual precipitation for the apple tree was ...
The article presents a methodology of technical condition assessment of masonry and timber structures of historical buildings, demonstrated on the example of palace complex at Gorzanów. Based on a comprehensive diagnostic study prepared by the authors, both on location and in the laboratory, a flowchart was developed to illustrate technical condition assessment procedures for historical buildings as well as for determining existing damage. The flowchart presented here may be found helpful by those providing expert opinions while designing their research and determining damage causes and investors who undertake such a difficult task as an adaptation of historical buildings to modern functional requirements. ...
The current paper presents the results of evaluation of the influence of selected measures within Rural Development Programme (RDP), such as spatial development, afforestation, land consolidation, water management, village renewal and agri-environmental programmes on rural areas in Poland.The data used in the study cover the years 2004-2015, and were collected from the reports of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Polish Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture (ARMA), Polish Central Statistical Office (CSO), with special consideration given to normative acts concerning the Rural Development Plan 2007-2013 and 2014-2020, and the results of a study on different aspects of rural development conducted at the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute in Puławy (IUNG-PIB). Our study clearly shows that aforementioned measures differ significantly in terms of the level of implementation in Poland. Thus, the spatial development operation, one of the most important activities in relation to the sustainable development of rural areas, has not been introduced in RDP as s separately task. Additionally, the initiatives regarding water retention were also not fully implemented under the RDP 2007-2013 because of the shortage of time. The process of land consolidation has contributed only to very little change in ...
Utilization of geographic information systems (GIS) for the erosion vulnerability analysis of agricultural land is shown on the example of Luh stream catchment, Czech Republic, district of Vysočina. Evaluation of soil erosion conditions according to the Universal soil loss equation (USLE) was done in ArcGIS 10 Desktop, software product of ArcInfo using a set of integrated software applications ArcMap, ArcCatalog and ArcToolbox user interface with LS-converter and USLE2D programs. The project of erosion control measures and evaluation of their effect on the erosion were parts of the analyses. Erosion control crop rotations with soil protective technologies, that change the value of cover-management factor, were used as erosion control measures. ...
The aim of the present research has been an attempt at evaluating the water requirements of pear trees over 2016-2050 in the Bydgoszcz region drawing on the forecast changes in temperature. The paper draws on the forecasting of mean monthly temperature for the Bydgoszcz region in 2011-2050 according to the climate change scenario for Poland SRES: A1B (Bąk, Łabędzki 2014). The water requirements of the pear tree have been determined based on the indispensable precipitation determined by Kemmer and Schulz. The water requirements were calculated for the period January through December and May through September for each year in the 35-year period (2016-2050). The reference period was made up by a 35-year period immediately preceding it (1981-2015). In the period 2016-2050 in the Bydgoszcz region, in the light of the temperature change scenarios made, one should expect an increase in the water requirements of the pear tree. Determined with the Kemmer and Schulz method, the required optimal annual (January-December) precipitation will increase for the pear tree from 624 mm to 771 mm (by 147 mm, namely by 24 %). The optimal precipitation trend equations show that in the reference period (1981-2015), calculated with the Kemmer and Schulz numbers, the optimal ...
The aim of this study is to present the organization of the wholesale fruit and vegetable market while taking into consideration the agri-food market in Cracow-Rybitwy. Selected aspects which are presented are necessary for trading and analysing the process of delivery as well as sales of fruits and vegetables by the manufacturers: 30 suppliers of fruits and 30 suppliers of vegetables were selected for detailed analysis. The following aspects were presented: costs resulting from the possibility of using the market, a distance needed to transport products, an amount of harvest sold on the market covered by research studies, the cost of sales and their structure. A general analysis of transport used for the transportation of fruits and vegetables was conducted. The frequency of arrivals and time spent at the market during individual months was also calculated. The analysis was made separately for the sale of fruits and vegetables. It was found that the organization of the garden crops market leaves much to be desired. The proof of this is the frequency of arrivals, the length of time spent at the market by manufacturers, the efficiency and cost of sale. ...
A comprehensive IT system to run the National Cartographic Documentation Center database (PZGiK) is currently being implemented for the city of Krakow. Part of this implementation involves the conversion of the data contained in the previous system, a lossless migration of the data contained in the previously existing analog systems, as well as adjusting the data as required by the current legal provisions.The subject of this study is to analyze the progress of this implementation in terms of building an integrated relational database and the specificity of the objects it is composed of. The analysis gave grounds to present the problems of data harmonization, associated with frequent changes in the legislation in the field of geodesy and cartography. The paper demonstrates the problems which occur when implementing the new system combined with the conversion of the National Cartographic Documentation Center database, which require solutions in the form of strategic decision making, determining the system of work of the surveying administration in Krakow over the next years. ...
The present research has aimed at estimating the water requirements of grapevine in 2016-2050 in the Bydgoszcz region based on the anticipated temperature changes. . The paper draws on the forecasting of mean monthly temperature for the Bydgoszcz region in 2011-2050 according to the climate change scenario for Poland SRES: A1B (Bąk, Łabędzki 2014). The water requirements of the grapevine have been determined based on the indispensable precipitation determined by Kemmer and Schulz. The water requirements were calculated for the period January through December and May through September for each year in the 35-year period (2016-2050). The reference period was made up by a 35-year period immediately preceding it (1981-2015). In the 2016-2050 period in the Bydgoszcz region, in the light of the anticipated temperature change scenarios, one can expect increased grapevine water requirements. Determined with the Kemmer and Schulz method, the required optimal annual (January-December) precipitation will increase for the grapevine from 440 mm to 576 mm (by 136 mm, namely by 31 %). The optimal precipitation trend equations demonstrate that in the reference period (1981-2015), calculated with the Kemmer and Schulz, the optimal annual precipitation was increasing in grapevine in each pentad by 2.2-2.6 mm. In the forecast ...
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is the mixture of many waste types, including organic waste (garden and park waste, food and kitchen waste, paper and cardboard etc.). Such waste creates a living environment for various microorganism species, many of which are known as pathogenic. The presence of microorganisms in favorable conditions (pH, organic matter content, carbon content, moisture, appropriate granulation) leads to decomposing of organic matter, which is accompanied by an increase in temperature. Microorganisms in waste pose a serious risk for staff operating at waste treatment plants. Moreover, heat released by their activity may cause a fire in waste storage facilities. Therefore, it is necessary to search for methods of waste stabilization and hygienization. The most commonly applied technology for waste stabilization is its processing in Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) plants. Such treatment is capital- and time-consuming, however. Waste liming can become an alternative method for stabilization and hygienization of waste. Lime addition is one of the oldest method known by humans for hygienization of certain waste materials, such as animal waste. Currently, liming is applied in sewage sludge treatment as one of the initial operations and is necessary for further sludge management processes. The aim of the research ...
Statistical data of household waste management and relevant data found by one year long direct survey at five households were compared. While the composition of residual (mixed) household waste is determined by sieve analysis and manual aftersorting to predetermined groups (and the material composition of waste that passes through a sieve mesh of 8x8 mm openings is not detected by this analysis), during the direct survey in households all the household waste is sorted to predetermined groups. Official information systems report that average total amount of household waste is 301 kg per person and just less than 4 % of it is sorted to usable fractions. The direct survey shows that avarage total amount of household waste is just 164 kg per person and it is possible to sort 63 % of it. ...
The article describes the effect of substrate roughness on the generation of air flow resistance and the occurrence of kinetic friction. These are the two main factors influencing reduction in wind speed, lack of ventilation in built-up areas, and stagnation of pollution over areas with high substrate roughness. The work presents the results of the authors' own measurements in the field, carried out using WindLog and CHY 361 anemometers, in two different types of atmospheric conditions - sunny and rainy weather. The measurements were taken on a stretch of the Rudawa River, located on the Cracow city limits. Wind speed was measured at all established measurement points. The immediate surroundings of the points varied in terms of how densely the areas were built up. The effect of changes in the shape and equivalent diameter of the measurement profile on the magnitude of flow resistance and friction was also tested. The results of the study indicate that the best type of arrangement for buildings around the valley of the Rudawa River is a latitudinal configuration. The lack of buildings on the path along which the airstream flows creates suitable conditions for ventilation of the city, and thus for clearing the air ...
The study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of wastewater treatment at the municipal wastewater treatment plant in Wolbrom, to which predominantly domestic wastewater and industrial sewage flow. The assessment was made based on the analysis of the physical and chemical research results of raw and treated wastewater. The research was carried out in the period from January 2014 to December 2014. To perform the analysis of the treatment plant efficiency, four indicators of wastewater pollutants such as BOD5, COD, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were selected for further investigation. For each of the indicators degrees of reduction and coefficients of treatment plant operational reliability were calculated. The calculated degrees of reduction for each of the indicators were high and amounted to 99.0% for BOD5, 95.2% for COD, 91.0% for total nitrogen and 91.6%. for total phosphorus. These results prove the effective reduction in the amount of pollutants. The determined coefficients of treatment plant operational reliability were at a low level: BOD5 - 0.27, COD - 0.44, total nitrogen - 0.33 and total phosphorus - 0.53. The conducted analyses prove the effective operation of the treatment plant, which was confirmed by high efficiency of pollutants removal. ...
The aim of the paper was an analysis of the structure of tap water consumption by rural households considering the use of its results for designing the elements of water supply and sewer systems. The analysis of this structure was based on direct measurements of water consumption conducted in 2011-2014 in 30 households located in Przeginia Duchowna village (Czernichów commune, Malopolskie province). Double measurement of water consumption (water supply connection or water draw off point outside a residential building) enabled the separation water consumption for household and additional purposes from the total water consumption per household. Analysis of the collected data revealed considerable disproportions between the real water consumption and stated in the design guidelines. Calculated on the basis of the study, averaging 85.6 dm3·I-1·d-1, accounted for only 57% of the value of 150 dm3·I-1·d-1 most commonly used in design. Because of the possible determining the water consumption structure it was demonstrated, that the divergences concerned also the volume of domestic sewage discharged from rural households. Obtained results revealed also that application of the principle, where the volume of sewage equals the volume of water consumption by rural households, for designing sewer systems is usually incorrect. In the analyzed household ...
The paper presents an analysis of a chain index of water supply and wastewater infrastructure development dynamics in Poland in the years 2003-2013. The work aimed at determining the development index rate (relative growth) of water supply and sewage systems in Poland divided into 3 basic territorial units (rural, urban-rural and urban districts). Moreover, the paper describes the dynamics of changes concerning water consumption, share of population using water supplied by water supply systems, percentage of households possessing a bathroom and flush toilet and the share of population using sewage system during the analysed period. Conducted analyses used among others the chain index of dynamics to determine the rate of observed changes. The analysis revealed the greatest rate of changes for the indices characterising sewage system and the share of population using the system and wastewater treatment plants. Despite the fact that rural areas were characterized by definitely the highest values of the rate of changes and chain index of changes dynamics, the differences between rural and urban areas concerning water supply and wastewater infrastructure in Poland are still considerable. ...
In this paper was analyzed selected components of technical infrastructure functioning in rural areas of the Malopolska, Świętokrzyskie and Podkarpackie Voivodships. The level of equipping rural areas with specified infrastructure elements was evaluated in the form of density and availability of infrastructure components. The work has been specified the rate of change in the analyzed indicators. In each of the provinces was separated 4, homogeneous groups of municipalities due to the level of infrastructure and standard of living. The lack of consistency in the level of the dynamics of the development of infrastructure with the dynamics of the percentage of residents using the equipment was noted. A positive phenomenon is that the development of the sewage system in all three voivodships has a higher average rate than the average rate of the development of the water supply system. This is particularly important due to the significant underdevelopment of the sewage system in relation to the water supply system. ...
National and regional strategies and policies on innovation have been prioritized and innovation is now core to most EU funds and strategies. However, regions are not (should not be) alike in terms of innovation and innovation policy. The development strategies based on innovativeness ideas must include specific local conditions. Effective actions and efforts, to create good environment for innovativeness must bring tangible results. The aim of the paper is comparison of innovativeness on different regions types according to territorial typology: rural, intermediate and urban. The research questions are: Does innovativeness depends on regional typology: urban-rural? Do remote, less developed rural areas have also low achievements (poor performance) in this regard? Innovation output is measured using its hard result, which is number of patent application per capita. To examine group differences according to the innovativeness, the Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted. The test statistic showed, that there is no statistically significant difference between patent applications on different regions types. It has been found that the highest variable value in the whole sample has been calculated in rural group, for rural regions in Switzerland. ...
The paper analyses results of measurements of precipitation amounts in the Widawa River basin in the multi-year period 1956-2012. Analysed were annual, monthly and daily precipitation totals and the numbers of days with precipitation in a year and in a month. Trends of changes were determined and extreme monthly and daily precipitation totals were analysed. Annual precipitation totals over the analysed multi-year period were very strongly diversified. Despite a considerable spread of results, the distribution in time did not reveal any clear tendency of changes, the trend line was almost horizontal. The number of days in a year with precipitation revealed an obvious decreasing trend, particularly within the fraction of days with precipitation <1mm. Average daily precipitation obtained from the ratio of annual precipitation total and the number of days with precipitation showed a growing tendency. December was the month in which the highest number of days with precipitation was noted during the multi-year period 1956-2012. Considering the fewest number of days with precipitation, similar results were obtained for three months. In May and September the least number of days with precipitation was registered eleven times. Only once a less often mentioned number of days occurred in October. A summary ...
