Zeszyt: 2016, vol. 13 / IV / 3 (Dec 2016)
The aim of the present research has been an attempt at evaluating the water requirements of peach trees over 2016-2050 in the Bydgoszcz region drawing on the forecast changes in temperature. The paper draws on the forecasting of mean monthly temperature for the Bydgoszcz region in 2011-2050 according to the climate change scenario for Poland SRES: A1B (Bąk, Łabędzki 2014). The water requirements of the peach tree have been determined based on the indispensable precipitation determined by Kemmer and Schulz. The water requirements were calculated for the period January through December and May through September for each year in the 35-year period (2016-2050). The reference period was made up by a 35-year period immediately preceding it (1981-2015). In 2016-2050 in the Bydgoszcz region, in the light of the forecast scenarios of changes in temperature, one should expect an increase in water requirements of the peach tree. Determined according to the Kemmer and Schulz method, the required optimal annual (January-December) precipitation will increase for peach from 486 mm to 612 mm (by 126 mm, which accounts for 26%). The optimal precipitation time variation trend equations show that in the reference period (1981-2015), calculated based on the Kemmer and Schulz number, the ...
The survey which was supposed to provide information on popularity of rural holiday destinations among the academic youth has revealed that rural areas are most willingly visited by students who come from cities (49.3%). The locations most frequently chosen by the respondents included: the Baltic coast, Helski Peninsula, Kujawy and Kaszuby Region. It was also observed that male students are more willing than female students to spend holidays outside towns (54.6%). The recreational activities indicated by the respondents who chose to spend their free time in the village were mainly cycling and hiking (34.3% vs 28.4%). Another form of activity was sightseeing (32.3%), and kayaking (30.4%). People who declared to have spent their holiday time in the country were more often involved in sailing (mainly men - 66.6%) and rowing (mainly women - 54.5%) sunbathing and diving (7.8%) than those who chose to go to the city. Students are regarded to be an active and important group of tourists who tend to visit the village even two times a year and stay there for longer periods of time (even 8 - 14 days). It is likely that trips to regions characterized by peace, quietness and clean air will increase among ...
The impact of winter addition of salts to roadside soils was studied for the national road No. 28 in Poland, in Małopolska Region. The measured sections of the road No. 28 are two access ways to the city of Grybów. According to instructions of GDDiKA (General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways) both sampled routes: Grybów-Gorlice (sampling section G-G) and the section Nowy Sącz-Grybów (N-G) were included in II standard of winter road maintenance. The general increase in soil salinity, chloride concentration and pH values from the roadside soils was evidenced by the difference of results of two sampling campaigns, before and after winter season of 2015/16. Salinity indicators showed significant increase, even though weather winter season 2015/16 was rated as mild and road de-icing salts were applied at less-than-average rate. Soil hydraulic properties were calculated estimated from soil texture using pedo-transfer functions for estimating the dynamics of salts into soils, suggesting easy leaching of salts from topsoil. ...
The paper aims to determine the level and diversification of logistic costs in an agribusiness enterprise. Applied were selected indicators of logistic costs assessment on an example of a micro enterprise. The logistic costs breakdown by nature was used for this assessment. Proposed assessment indicators are plain and unambiguous to interpret.There was stated that in the presented agribusiness enterprise the value of logistic costs is affected mainly by: remuneration costs (they cover 45% of total logistic costs), costs of external services and costs of materials and energy consumption, in which fuel makes up the highest percentage. The calculated indicators inform that the amount of logistic costs is on a satisfactory level, comparing with food sector trends. The proposed approach simplifies logistic cost analysis. It does not require additional records or accountancy and is possible to apply in practice. Limitation of this method is associated with proper evidence and distinguishing the logistic cost in the overall company costs. ...
The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of two on-site sewage treatment facilities (BCT S-12 and TJ EP-4) serving two school buildings located in rural communes in Małopolska region. The reliability was determined using Weibull reliability method. The research was conducted for 24 months and it involved the collection and analysis of 48 samples of raw and treated sewage from each facility. The analyses included organic and biogenic pollution, i.e. BOD5, COD, and total nitrogen. Reliability assessment revealed the following effectiveness for BCT S-12 facility: 77% for BOD5, 96% for COD and 25% for total nitrogen. For TJ EP-4 facility, the effectiveness was 81%, 88% and 72% for BOD5, COD and total nitrogen, respectively. Both facilities used the activated sludge process and experienced periodic disturbances in the treatment flow that resulted in reduced sewage treatment efficiency. Considering the above, the processes of nitrification and denitrification in the biological reactor should be streamlined to provide more effective removal of organic and nitrogen-based compounds in the investigated facilities. ...
The aim of the present research has been an attempt at estimating the water requirements of sweet cherry tree in 2016-2050 in the Bydgoszcz region drawing on the forecast temperature changes. The paper draws on the forecasting of mean monthly temperature for the Bydgoszcz region in 2011-2050 according to the climate change scenario for Poland SRES: A1B (Bąk, Łabędzki 2014). The water requirements of the sweet cherry tree have been determined based on the indispensable precipitation determined by Kemmer and Schulz. The water requirements were calculated for the period January through December and May through September for each year in the 35-year period (2016-2050). The reference period was made up by a 35-year period immediately preceding it (1981-2015). In 2016-2050 in the Bydgoszcz region, in the light of the forecast temperature change scenarios, one can expect an increase in the water requirements of the sweet cherry tree. Determined with the Kemmer and Schulz method, the required annual (January-December) optimal total precipitation will increase for the sweet cherry tree from 532 mm to 746 mm (by 214 mm, which accounts for 40%). The optimal precipitation trend equations show that in the reference period (1981-2015), calculated with the Kemmer and Schulz number, ...
One of the most intriguing and still rather mysterious water ecosystems are small mid-field ponds. Relatively little attention is devoted to representatives of ichthyofauna inhabiting them. The purpose of this work was the evaluation of the species and quantitative composition of the fish inhabiting several selected mid-field ponds (five), and the analysis of habitat conditions and the possibility of utilising small countryside ponds for angling purposes. Overall, 203 fish belonging to eight species were caught. The highest number was recorded in the pond No. 5 (84 specimens), and the lowest number was recorded in the pond No. 3 (18 specimens), where all the fish belonged to one species - Carassius auratus gibelio. No fish habitation was detected in the pond No. 1.The highest dominance index (Di) was achieved by Perca fluviatilis (33.5%) and Carassius carassius (17.73%), whereas the lowest index belonged to Scardinius erythrophtalmus (2.46%) and Blicca bjoerkna (5.42%). The comparison of constancy index values (Ci) indicates that as many as six fish species out of eight demonstrated high constancy of 60%, whereas two fish species (Blicca bjoerkna and Scardinius erythrophtalmus) reached a low level of constancy amounting to 20%. The studied ponds predominantly featured good or very good conditions ...
The paper verified the hypothesis of the existence of the correlation between the content of zinc in soils and plants in the municipality of Trzebinia that is in the area which is highly degraded as a result of long term activity of mining and processing of local raw materials. In order to achieve the above, the total metal content in plant and soil material as well as the selected physicochemical properties of soil such as pH, electrolytic conductivity, organic matter content and granulometric composition were determined. 664 soil material samples and 332 plant material samples were collected in years 2010-2012 from 83 research plots located in fallow lands of the town of Trzebinia and in 10 village councils of the municipality. The results obtained of zinc content do not confirm the correlation between soil and plant. The disclosed concentration of the element is in line with indications of permitted levels of metal content in plants proposed by IUNG, which allows the use of plant material as animal feed. The mean content of zinc in the soils of the municipality is higher than the permitted level of national regulations. The claim that the soil of the municipality is contaminated with ...
The possibility of biological treatment of sewage from the production of organic polymers was assessed. The chemical quality of raw and treated sewage (CODCr, BOD5, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total suspension, pH, chlorides and sulfates) was analyzed. The level of reduction in the analysed sewage quality indicators (%), sewage biodegradability (α) and the technical efficiency of treatment (Psw) were determined. It was shown that the limited effectiveness of the treatment process results from the excessively high load of organic contaminants. The analysed sewage contains substances which do not biodegrade easily, negatively influencing the conditions for activated sludge processes in the bioreactor. The activated sludge is characterized by low biodiversity and has an insufficient structure. The treatment process requires an introduction of technological changes which will lead to a decrease in the load of sewage entering the bioreactor. ...
According to the amendment to the Act on maintaining cleanliness and order in communes, a stationary a municipal solid waste collection point (MSWCP) must be established in each Polish commune or commune union and situated close to the commune center. This point (MSWCP) should exist in the commune (or commune union), which are covered in 100% by protected zone. These objects are a new element in managing of the stream of municipal solid waste in Poland, known in the European countries as "household waste recycling centers" (HWRC).The aim of the work was developing the procedure with the use of tools enabling setting potential locations for MSWCPs in protected areas. The developed method was applied (for verification of the assumptions) in the process of seeking optimal locations for MSWCPs in the communes located in the Świętokrzyski National Park (ŚNP) protection zone. The paper presents the methodology for setting locations for municipal solid waste collection points. A method was developed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographical Information System (GIS). It was possible to designate between 98 and 191 potential locations of MSWCPs in the communes situated in the ŚNP protection zone. The assumed criterion of maximum distance ...
The aim of the present research has been an attempt at evaluating the water requirements of plum trees over 2016-2050 in the Bydgoszcz region drawing on the forecast changes in temperature. The paper draws on the forecasting of mean monthly temperature for the Bydgoszcz region in 2011-2050 according to the climate change scenario for Poland SRES: A1B (Bąk, Łabędzki 2014). The water requirements of the plum tree have been determined based on the indispensable precipitation determined by Kemmer and Schulz. The water requirements were calculated for the period January through December and May through September for each year in the 35-year period (2016-2050). The reference period was made up by a 35-year period immediately preceding it (1981-2015). In 2016-2050 in the Bydgoszcz region, in the light of the forecast temperature change scenarios, one should expect an increase in the water requirements of the plum tree. The annual (January-December) optimal total precipitation determined according to the Kemmer and Schulz method will increase for the plum tree from 712 mm to 807 mm (by 95 mm, which accounts for 13%). The optimal precipitation trend equations show that in the reference period (1981-2015), calculated, drawing on the Kemmer and Schulz number, the optimal ...
Although in recent years the number of traffic accidents and collisions on Polish roads has been decreasing, it is important to identify their most significant causes. This study presents an analysis of 34 causes of road incidents reported by the police in the Wielkopolskie province in the years 2011-2013. A total of 34 causes of traffic incidents (accidents and collisions - X1, ..., X34, respectively) were grouped by means of hierarchic cluster analysis using the nearest neighbour method with Euclidean distances, in a four-dimensional space of parameters (the number of accidents - LW, the number of killed - LZ, the number of casualties, including slightly injured in collisions - LR, the number of collisions - LK). Calculations were conducted using the Statistica ver. 12 package. Analyses showed that the most common cause of traffic incidents included side collisions and rear collisions of vehicles, failure to yield to the right-of-way, failure to adjust the speed to the traffic conditions and failure to keep adequate distance between vehicles. Hitting a tree was only the 19th cause (out of 34 analysed ones); however, consequences of these incidents were tragic (8% of fatal accidents). ...
Continuous economic development and expansion of urbanised land result in changes in land use. The rules of protection of arable and forest land, as well as reclamation and improvement of the useful value of land are regulated by the act of 3 February 1995 on the protection of arable and forest land with further amendments. The act particularly specifies the rules of changes in the purpose of arable and forest land, and rules of exclusion of arable and forest land from production. The change of purpose and exclusion of land from production are two basic legal instruments which must be considered by all entities planning for example conducting building investments on arable and forest land.The article presents the issue of the exclusion of arable land from production in the context of updates of land and building register. The scale of exclusions of land from production in Poland was determined. Detailed research was conducted in the Zwoleński poviat with agricultural character, located in the southern part of the Mazowieckie province. The analysis of the process of exclusion of arable land from production as well as changes in the structure of arable land use in the Zwoleński poviat in the years 2005-2014 ...
The land consolidation process is a measure transforming the spatial structure of rural areas in the countries of the European Union and Poland. It is a complex, extremely labour-consuming investment process preceded by a detailed inventory of the existing state, and analysis of objectives and tools as well as effects expected after its completion. It should constitute a component of sustainable and multifunctional development of rural areas, stimulating the development of functions fulfilled by such areas in the economic, social, and environmental aspect. Through changes in the ownership structure and land use, it permits designation of functional-spatial areas, therefore reducing potential spatial conflicts. It has a positive effect on the development of agriculture, and particularly ecological production, and other non-agricultural functions.The article presents a concept of the multicriteria model of spatial analyses aimed at supporting sustainable and multifunctional development of rural areas, with particular consideration of the land consolidation process. The concept of the model was prepared in accordance with the assumptions of the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method. This permitted ordering the rich resource of diverse input data in a logical structure for the purpose of development of multi-variant solutions to a given decision problem , and selection of ...
The objective of this research was to compare the amount of extraneous water flowing into selected gravitational separate sewer systems which discharge domestic sewage from the settlement of single-family houses in Poland and France during a year with a standard annual amount of precipitation. The study included a total of four sewer systems, including two operating in Poland and discharging the sewage from settlements near Krakow in the Malopolska Province and two systems operating in France and discharging the sewage from settlements of single-family houses near Lorient, Brittany, Morbihan Department. As part of the analysis, an average daily tributaries of extraneous water into sewers under the research, values of addition and share of this water were compared. Analysis of the research results demonstrated that the hydraulic load of sewer systems with extraneous water does not depend on the age of the sewer system, but mainly on the number of house drains, and to a lesser extent its length. It was also determined that the average daily amount of extraneous water flowing into sanitary sewer systems in wet weather is 0,107 m3·d-1 per 1 sewer connection. The study showed that tributaries of extraneous water into the separate sewer system ...
The article constitutes the part of broader studies on the issue of practical usefulness of public registers, comprising the databases on real property, in tasks related to real estate appraisal. It includes the results of research on the scope in which geodetic public registers (Land and buildings register as well as the Register of Prices and Values of Real estate) collect essential or only useful data to the process of land property appraisal. Presented analyses are demonstrated on the examples of above-mentioned registers, conducted in the offices of the district authorities in Lublin Voivodeship. The results of prepared analyses are critical. The researched public registers, operating in the current condition, do not have formal possibilities of collecting the range of essential information on properties. The studies showed that even though architects of databases, implemented in the departments of geodesy in some offices of district authorities, anticipated the possibility of registering specific useful data, nevertheless in practice appropriate fields of relevant registers remain unused. ...
The aim of the article was to determine the content of heavy metals (lead) in soils and plants in areas heavily degraded by mining and processing industries. The study was con-ducted in the area of the municipality of Trzebinia, in the western part of the Małopolska province. Altogether 83 research areas were designated (one area of 25 m2) from which the plant material and soil samples were taken from the levels of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm. The analysis of soil material was based on the determination of granulometric composition of the soil with the use of the Casagrande method modified by Prószyński [according to the industry standard (BN-78/9180-11), soil reaction in 1M KCl and in water with the use of the potenti-ometric method, electrolytic conductivity of the soil with the use of the conductometric meth-od, content of organic matter in soil by its annealing using the modified Tiurin method, the total Pb content in the soil using the FAA method. The analysis of plant material was based on the determination of the total content of Pb in plants using the atomic absorption spec-trometry. It was found that the mean lead content in the soil for the municipality exceeded the ...
