Fountains are decorative elements that improve the attractiveness and visual qualities of urban environments. They can give refreshment to residents on a hot, sunny day. Despite the prohibitions on bathing in these facilities people often have contact with fountain water. It should be emphasized that poor quality of water from fountains can be dangerous for human health. This study was aimed at evaluating microbial contamination of water in Krakow fountains (fountain from Szczepański Square, fountain on the Groble Square, "Chopin" fountain near the philharmonic, "Stone" fountain on the Maria Magdalena Square and the fountain on the Main Market Square). Microbiological analyses were conducted to determine the total number of microorganisms at 36±2oC after 48 hours (mesophilic bacteria) and the total number of microorganisms at 22±2ºC after 74 hours (psychrophilic bacteria). In addition, the coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli and Closridium perfringens were also examined. The results have shown a high degree of microbiological contaminants in the tested water samples. The lowest contamination of water was observed in the fountain on the Szczepański Square and in nozzle water from the fountain on the Groble Square. The highest numbers of bacteria were found in "Stone" fountain at the Maria Magdalena Square. ...
Water is a significant source of macro- and microelements, necessary for the proper functioning of a human body. The purpose of this article was to analyze the quality of the selected bottled waters available on the Polish market in terms of the physico-chemical parameters (pH, conductivity, chloride ions, bromide ions), macroelements (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium) and trace elements (lead, nickel, antimony, arsenic). 17 brands of the bottled waters available on the Polish market were investigated within the study presented in the article (8 natural mineral waters, 6 spring waters and 3 therapeutic waters). The bottled waters, which were analyzed in the article, characterized with a large diversity of chemical composition. In two samples of therapeutic waters the permissible concentration of nickel was exceeded. ...
